UC-NRLF
SB 572 3bfl
, .
THE MANUFACTURE
OF
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
BY
EDWARD C. R, MARKS,
Associate Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers; Member of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers; Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents;
AUTHOR OF
"Notes on the Construction of Cranes and Lifting Machinery" "The Evolution of
Modern Small Arms and Ammunition," "Mechanical Engineering Materials,"
" Notes on the Construction and Working of Pumps."
SECOND AND ENLARGED EDITION.
PRICE F|VE SHILLINGS NET,
1903.
THE TECHNICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY LIMITED,
287, DEANSGATE, MANCHESTER.
JOHN HEYWOOD,
29 AND 30, SHOE LANE, LONDON; AND RIDGEFIELD, MANCHESTER.
And all Booksellers.
o
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
THIS edition contains the whole of the original matter, with the
necessary revision respecting the present condition of the various
patents referred to.
The eighth and succeeding chapters contain additional general
particulars relating to the manufacture of iron and steel tubes, and
refer specifically to pertinent British patent specifications published
between the former and the present edition of this little work.
The List .of Patents given as an appendix has been thoroughly
revised and brought up to date. Though not completely exhaustive,
the author believes that it will be found useful to manufacturers and
others as affording a ready and convenient key to the " state of the art "
in the various branches of this industry.
E. C. R. M.
13, Temple Street, Birmingham,
July, 1903.
rvi
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
THE series of articles herewith presented in book form comprise a
development of a special course of lectures delivered by the author
during the last session of the Birmingham Municipal Technical School.
As a summary of the past efforts and achievements of inventors,
based on their patent specifications, the author trusts that the work
will prove of some practical utility to manufacturers and others
interested in iron and steel tubes.
E; C. R. M.
13, Temple Street, Birmingham,
July, 1897.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. PAGE
Introduction The Manufacture of Gun Barrels from Wrought-
irou Strip Gas Tubes W hitehouse's Patent 1 8
CHAPTER II.
Steam Tubes and Patents relating thereto 9 1 6
CHAPTER III.
Open or Close Jointed Tubes The Manufacture of Tubes from
Coiled Strips Lock-jointed Tubes Tubes with Internal
Web 1623
CHAPTER IV.
Seamless Steel Tubes Seamless Tubes direct from Molten or
Plastic Metal Tubes with Helical Grain or Fibre The
Application of Punching or Extending Processes for Producing
Steel Tubes from Discs or Blanks Steel Gas Bottles 2431
CHAPTER V.
The Mannesman]} Processes The Stiefel Process 32 41
CHAPTER VI.
Various Processes and Machinery relating to the Manufacture of
Seamless Steel Tubes Process of Stiff and the Credenda
Tube Company for Piercing Tube Ingots or Blooms Drawing
Tubes with an Internal Taper Taper Tubes Making Seam-
less Tubes from Ingots having Cores of Yielding Refractory
Material Tube Rolls with Helical Grooves Piercing Tube
Ingots Tube Rolling Withdrawing Tubes from Mandrels
Jointed Mandrel for Tube Coiling and Bending Tube-making
Machinery by American Inventors Cooling Mandrels Roller
Mandrels Revolving Dies Expanding External Rolls in
conjunction with Internal Tube Expander 42 70
Vlll. CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII. PAGE
Robertson Processes Ehrhardt Processes 70 83
CHAPTER VIII.
The Piercing of Solid Steel Billets Drilling Manuesinann and
Stiefel Processes Charnock's Patent Patents of Sturgeon,
Davis, Pilkington, Sharp and Billing, Robertson Robertson's
"Service Plate" Frank's Retreating Holding- up Stem
Defects at End of Pierced Billet "Rokes" Patent of Evans
and Tubes Limited The Ehrhardt Process Cooper's
Patent 8497
CHAPTER IX.
The Extension of Hollow Steel Blooms by Hot Rolling and Draw-
ing Gapped, Back action, or Pilger Rolls Mannesmann's
Patent Patents of Price and others Feeding Machines for
Pilger Rolls Automatic Release of Mandrel Patents of
Ehrhardt and others Movement of Rolls and Mandrel in
Opposite Directions Patents of Beesly and others Taper
Tubular Steel Poles 97108
CHAPTER X.
Cold Drawing Draw Benches Reeling Tin Coating to facilitate
Drawing Combined Drawing and Rolling Drawing Weldless
Tubes with Butt Ends or Thickened Ends Annealing and
Pickling Combined Annealing and Pickling Substitution of
Electric Scaling for Pickling Steel for Weldless Tube Manu-
facture Results from Tests 108121
CHAPTER XL
Welded Tubes Steam, Water, and Gas Tubes Leading Dimen-
sions Butt and Lap Welding Recent Patents 121 127
CHAPTER XII.
Production of Tubes direct from Piled Hollow Blooms Perrius'
Patent Cased or Composite Tubes 1271:1:1
APPENDIX.
British Patent Specifications relating to the Manufacture of Iron
and Steel Tubes 134 153
Index , ,. 154156
THE MANTJFACTTJKE
OF
AND STEEL TUBES.
CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION.
A TUBE has been defined as "anything hollow or concave,
with some degree of length." Such a definition has certainly
the merit of comprehensiveness, for, as one critic observes,
it will include u a railway tunnel or a coffee pot, a decayed
tooth or a drain pipe;" Although the title of the series of
articles commencing herewith will be sufficient by its
limitation of the material 'of construction to prevent any
such hopeless confusion in the minds of our readers, yet we
have no intention of attempting to treat of iron and steel
tubes of any and every form, but shall confine ourselves
chiefly to butt and lap welded tubes of iron, open or close
jointed and consolidated tubes, and processes and appliances
for the production of weld! ess or seamless steel tubing for
various purposes.
The articles are based upon the printed patent specifi-
cations relating to this subject, and the illustrations are
prepared from the drawings attached to such specifications.
To enable the reader to make a closer study of any of
the specifications referred to, the official number and date,
of each will be given, and as far as possible the lapsing of
such patents as have been granted during the past fourteen
years through the non-payment of renewal fees will be
recorded.
2ST
THE MANUFACTURE OF
THE MANUFACTURE OF GUN BARRELS FROM WROUGHT
IRON STRIP.
Probably the manufacture of barrels for firearms con-
stitutes the earliest application of wrought-iron tubes.
Such an industry would find employment for many smiths
in the time when the only known method of production
consisted in the bending of an iron plate or strip to form a
"skelp," the edges of which were welded together piecemeal
by hammering, the internal support during the welding
being provided by the insertion of a rod or mandrel.
In the year 1812, Henry Osborn, of Birmingham, obtained
letters patent for his invention, described in specification
No. 3617, of 1812, "for machinery for welding and making
FIG. 1.
barrels of firearms and other cylindrical articles." The
specification is accompanied by a sheet of drawings giving
illustrations of the improved machinery, such as shown by
the adjoining figs. 1 and 2 herewith. Referring to fig. 1,
the skelp is raised to a welding heat in an open or a close
fire, and after the mandrel has been inserted is then placed
in the swage or anvil A, and welded by the action of the
tilt hammer. In the words of the specification, "the
different grooves in the swage assist in gathering the
different parts of the barrel or cylinder in the process of
welding."
Referring to fig. 2, the inventor states : " I take a skelp,
and* place it in either of the beds 1, 2, 3, according to the
part required to be welded, and which welding is effected
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
3
by the swage segments A performing half a revolution, the
manner of which is explained by the profile B."
In the following year, 1813, the same inventor, Henry
Osborn, obtained letters pate at for " machinery for tapering
gun barrels, &c.," which he describes in his specification No.
3740, of 1813. The tapering is effected by passing the tube
through grooved rolls.
GAS TUBES.
In the early days of gas lighting, gun barrels were
employed for the conveyance of the gas. In 1815, William
Murdoch, the founder of gas lighting, in setting down a
gas installation at the Soho Works, near Birmingham,
employed old musket barrels screwed together as the means
for conveying the gas throughout the works. The close of
the long European war had thrown an abundance of such
barrels on the market, and hence they were undoubtedly
FIG. 2.
the most economical form of tubing available for the
purpose. Some one has been unkind enough to observe
that in modern times Murdoch's plan has been reversed,
for instead of making gas pipes from gun barrels, it is said
that gun barrels for the African and other remote markets
are sometimes made from gas pipes.
The extension of gas lighting called for the production of
iron tubes with greater facility and at less cost than by the
methods employed for gun barrel making, and inventors
were equal to the occasion. In the year 1824, James Russell,
4
THE MANUFACTURE OF
of Wednesbury, filed a specification, No. 4892, setting forth
"an improvement in the manufacture of tubes for gas-
and other purposes." The adjoining fig. 3 represents the
apparatus employed for welding. The tilt hammer is
FIG. 3.
retained, but the weld can be formed either with or without
a mandrel, the edges being butted against each other,
not overlapped as in guri-barrel welding. The tube is
finished between rolls in conjunction with a mandrel, a
FIG. 4.
shown at figs 4 and 5. The importance of this specification
is in the disclosure that a sufficiently sound weld can be
made by pressing or forcing the abutting edges of the tube
against each other. With this method of welding no
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
5
allowance is necessary in the width of the strip employed
for the overlapping of the edges, as with lap-welding
processes.
In 1825, Cornelius Whitehouse, of Wednesbury, invented
the process of butt-welding wrought-iron tubes, which is
still employed in all such tube manufactories at the present
day. The process is described in the specification, No. 5109
of 1825, under the title of "Certain improvements in
manufacturing tubes for gas and other purposes." The
apparatus, as described by the inventor, is shown in the'
adjoining figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9. The tilt hammer is entirely
FIG. 5.
dispensed with, also the rolls and mandrel of the afore-
mentioned specification. The inventor describes his process
as follows : "I prepare a piece of flat iron, commonly called
plough-plate iron, of a suitable substance and width, accord-
ing to the intended calibre of the tube. This piece of flat
iron is prepared for welding by being bent up on the sides,
or, as it is commonly termed, turned over, the edges meeting,
or nearly so, and the piece assuming the form of. a long
cylindrical tube. This tube is then put into a hollow fire,
heated by a blast, and when the iron is upon the point of fusion
it is to be drawn out of the furnace by means of a chain
attached to a draw bench, and passed through a pair of dies
of the size required, by which means the edges of the iron will
become welded together. The apparatus which I employ
for this purpose is shown at fig. 6, which is a side view of
THE MANUFACTURE OF
the furnace A, and of the draw bench B, with its spur wheel
C, which may be put in operation by a hand winch, or by
attaching its axle to the moving part of a steam engine. D
is a screw press, in which the dies are placed for swaging
and uniting the edges of the iron tube E as it passes through.
A front view of this screw press is shown at fig. 7, and one
FIG. G.
of the dies removed from the press is shown at fig. 8. The
iron tube E, having been heated to the point of fusion in the
furnace A, is drawn out by the chain of the draw bench, and
the screw of the press D being turned so as to bring the dies
to their proper point of bearing, the two edges of the iron
become pressed together, and a perfect welding of the tube
is effected. The screw clamp or other fastening F, by which
the end of the tube is held and attached to the chain, is now
opened, and the tube removed. The reverse side of the tube
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 7
is then grasped by it, and that part which has not been
welded is introduced into the furnace, and after being heated
is drawn through tHe dies and welded in the manner above
described. The process of welding these tubes may be per-
formed without the screw press and dies above described.
A pair of pincers, as shown at fig. 9, may be employed
instead, having a hole for the tube to pass through similar
to the dies. One arm and chap of these pincers is shown in
section at the lower part of fig. 9, for the purpose of exhibit-
ing the conical figure of the hole which the tube E is to pass
through as it is drawn out of the furnace by the chain of
the draw bench. A workman brings the pincers against the
FIG. 9. FIG. 8.
standard at a steadying place, and as the tube passes through
the hole of the pincers the welding of the edges of the iron
is effected."
" I have thus described the modes which I have employed
and found fully to answer the purpose in welding tubes of
iron, but I do not confine myself to the employment of this
precise construction of apparatus, as several variations may
be made without deviating from the principles of my inven-
tion, which is to heat the previously proposed tubes of iron
to a welding heat that is, nearly to the point of fusion
and then, after withdrawing them from the fire, to pass them
between dies, or through holes, by which the edges of the
heated iron may be pressed together and the joint firmly
welded. The advantages of this tube compared with those
made in the ordinary way are these : The iron is considerably
improved by the operation of the hollow fire, the heat being
generally diffused. The length of the pieces of tube thus
made is likewise a great advantage, as by these means they
may be made from 2 ft, to 8 ft. long in one piece, whereas
8 THE MANUFACTURE OF
by the old modes the lengths of tubes cannot exceed 4 ft.
without considerable difficulty, and, consequently, an in-
creased expense. These tubes are likewise capable of
resisting greater pressure from the uniformity of the heat
throughout at which they have been welded ; and, lastly,
both their internal and external surfaces are rendered
smooth, and greatly resembling drawn lead pipes."
The introduction of Whitehouse's invention at once
greatly reduced the selling price of gas pipes. It is stated
that the sum actually paid for welding a gas tube under the
old gun-barrel principle was equal to the amount at which
the complete and vastly superior tube was sold when made
under the new process. Such process as described in White-
house's specification, and which we have inserted in full,
may be seen in operation in any of the tube works in and
around Birmingham, and elsewhere. Whitehouse, who is
described as a whitesmith, assigned his patent to James
Russell, of Wednesbury, on the condition that he was to be
found employment by the said James Russell, and be paid
an annuity of 50 during the term of the patent. The
expense of obtaining the letters patent (which in those days
amounted to about 125) was borne by James Russell.
With an invention of such importance it is not surprising
to find that the patent granted thereon became the subject
of much litigation, but it was held in the law courts that
the method of welding tubes by circumferential pressure
invented by Whitehouse was perfectly good subject matter
for letters patent, which were accordingly upheld.
As the end of the fourteen years' term of the patent
approached, the assignee considered that, owing to the
vexatious law suits in which he had been involved, the
amount of profit received was disproportionate to the merit
of the invention. He was successful in obtaining an exten-
sion of the patent for a period of six years on the condition
that he paid a royalty of 600 per annum to Cornelius
Whitehouse, the inventor, during such extended period.
The extended period expired, rendering the invention open
to all makers and users, on February 26th, 1 845.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
CHAPTER II.
. STEAM TUBES AND PATENTS RELATING THERETO.
THE production of steam tubes by the welding of the over-
lapping edges of wrought-iron skelps, in machines having
rqlls in conjunction with a stationary mandrel, appears a
very simple operation in a well-organised tube works, but
the process was only established after much costly experi-
menting. The production of gas pipes or tubes by the
Whitehouse process, described in our previous chapter, had
been well established when the success of George Stephen-
son's " Rocket," in 1829, created a demand for a larger and
stronger form of tube than could be produced by butt
welding.
An Englishman, Martin Jones, appears to have been one
of the earliest of the workers who devoted themselves to
the production of steam tubes in large quantities, but his
labours, unlike the case of Cornelius Whitehouse with the
butt-welding process, brought him nothing but disappoint-
ment and ruin. In a little book on " Wednesbury Workshops,"
by Mr. T. W. Hackwood, we read that Martin Jones, when
in France, became connected with experiments in the pro-
duction of machines for rolling solid wrought-iron cannon
shot. The experiments were unsuccessful, but, as a result of
the experience gained in conducting them, Jones conceived
the idea of rolling wrought-iron tubes. He returned to
England, and took part in some works at Birmingham, and
after much experimenting, . at his own cost, produced
machines which, although far from perfect, contained the
elements of eventual success. But having by this time
exhausted his own and his wife's fortune, and being much
pressed by his creditors, Jones placed his invention in the
hands of a friend and neighbour, who lost no time in
appropriating the matter entirely to himself, continued the
experiments, and eventually obtained letters patent in his
own name. This patentee and pirate of Jones's invention
made over his patent rights to 'two Birmingham men of
10 THE MANUFACTURE OF
large means Ledsam and Bowers and is said to have
received from them royalties amounting to 30,000 per
annum. We gather, however, that he was not particularly
happy, for we read of his despatching himself by means of a
razor, on a certain bright summer's morning.
At about the same time, the Messrs. Russell, of Wednes-
bury, had succeeded in making wrought- iron tubes with two
rollers instead of with the four employed by Ledsam and
Bowers, but the latter firm declared the Russell process to
be an infringement of their patent. After much litigation,
involving, it is recorded, an expenditure of 70,000, judgment
was given in favour of the Russells, who were thus allowed
to pursue their process of manufacture.
Adverting again to the published patent specifications, we
find that on March 27th, 1840, Richard Prosser, of Birming-
ham, applied for letters patent for "Certain improvements
in machinery or apparatus for manufacturing pipes." The
official number of his specification is 8454, of 1840. The
inventor says, in this specification : " My improvements
relate to that kind of machinery or apparatus for manu-
facturing pipes of metal which operates by means of a pair
of revolving rollers that is, two such rollers having
concave grooves around their circumferences, and the said
groove around one roller corresponding to that around the
other roller." We further read that "the mode of manu-
facturing pipes of metal by rolling between grooved rolls
was, as regards lead pipes,' invented by Mr. Wilkinson in
1790, and as regards pipes which are made from wrought-
iron strip by Henry Osborn, in 1817. But whereas by
such machinery or apparatus only one pair of revolving
grooved rollers is used, one disposed above the other, to roll
the metal between them, it follows that the compression
which can be thereby exerted upon the metal of the pipe at
each time of rolling it must be chiefly operative at the
upper and lower sides only."
The skelps, after heating in a reverberatory or other
furnace, are passed through a machine, having four grooved
disc rollers driven at a uniform speed. The central space
between the rolls regulates the external diameter of the
tube, and the mandrel the internal diameter. Tubes of
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 11
other than circular form may be produced by suitably
shaping the mandrel and the grooves in the rolls. The
action of the machine is very rapid, only two seconds of
time being required for the passage through and welding
of each tube.
On July 24th, 1844, a specification, No. 10272, was filed by
John James Russell and Thomas Henry Russell, describing
the welding of a lap-jointed tube in a machine having a
grooved travelling bed for the reception of the skelp, which
it moves in alternate directions beneath a grooved welding
roller, the internal support being provided by a mandrel.
The to-and-fro movement of the bed or carriage is effected
by means of a coarse pitched screw, w r hich is driven by
reversing gear.
In specification No. 9287, of 1842, in the names of Thomas
Henry Russell and Cornelius Whitehouse, there is described
a method of providing an internal support to tubes welded
by drawing through dies. The applicants state that their
invention " relates to improvements in welding the joints or -
seams of tubes when made by external pressure, by passing
the iron in a w r elding state between dies or through holes ; '
and the improvements consist of a means of employing
internal support, and in such a manner that the instrument
which gives the internal support being introduced into a
partly formed tube through the dies or holes used, by which
the requisite external pressure is obtained ; and when the
weld is completed, the instrument used for giving external
support, owing to its being of small diameter when compared
with the diameter of the finished tube, may readily be with-
drawn by causing the welded tube to be pressed into a
cylindrical form." Referring to the illustrations, fig. 10, the
iron skelp of the section shown at A is drawn through the
tongs B to a shape such as shown at C. A hollow bar or
tube D is then placed in the interior of the skelp to form the
internal support. The inventors state that their invention
is "particularly applicable when thin welded iron tubes are
desired, such as for the tubular flues of locomotive or similar
boilers, for which purpose we are now using iron of No. 14
of the wire gauge, and we are now making such tubes from
1 J in. to 2 in. diameter, but those dimensions may be varied."
12
THE MANUFACTURE OF
There are a large number of specifications relating to the
production of wrought-iron tubes to which we cannot refer
Fio. 10.
in detail, but of which a list will be subsequently compiled
for reference.
Before passing from wrought-iron welded tubing we may
note the improvements relating to the bevelling of the edges
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
13
of the tube strip for lap-welded tubes described by David
Muckley, of Wednesbury, in his specification No. 3706, of
1891. In his specification this inventor states: "In the
manufacture of lap-welded tubes according to the present
mode of manufacture the two edges of the plates or strips
FIG. 11.
of metal are bevelled upon a bevelling table or what is
the equivalent of a planing machine, and this forms a distinct
and separate part of the process of making tubes. I avoid
the necessity of so bevelling the edges by a cutting tool, and
save the metal that would thus be cut away. That is to
FIG. 12.
say, that by my mode I make a 12 in. strip equal to, say,
12|in. strip, or, on the other hand, I may economise this
metal in adding to the length of the strip, thus effecting a
considerable percentage of saving in the metal as well as
the time taken up by the separate machine for bevelling
the strips." The apparatus employed by Muckley is shown
14
THE MANUFACTURE OF
in the adjoining figs. 11 to 16 inclusive. In front of the
furnace A he places a pair of rolls, one of which is provided
with bevelled edges, or one edge of each roll being bevelled.
From the rolls the hot strip is drawn through the skelp
FIG. 13.
FIG. 14.
die C, or instead of such die the rolls E, fig. 14, may be
employed. This patent was allowed to lapse in the year 1900.
We may also note the specification of Henry Howard,
No. 5641, of 1890, describing an invention having for its
objectjto expedite and simplify the welding process, whether
FIG. 15.
Flo. 16.
butt or lap. For this purpose the welding process was made
to immediately follow the skelp-forming process in the
manner illustrated at figs. 17, 18, and 19. Between the skelp
former B, adjoining the furnace A, fig. 17, and the welding
bell or tongs C, is a blow-pipe apparatus D for delivering a
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
15
sheet of flame upon the open imjointed edges of the skelp,
for raising them to a welding heat. At fig. IS the blow-pipe
FIG. 17.
FIG. IS.
FIG. 19.
apparatus is displaced by the carbon rod H, constituting one
of the electrodes of a voltaic arc, the edges of the skelp
16 THE MANUFACTURE OF
forming the other electrode. At fig. 19 is represented the
voltaic arc arrangement in combination with rolls employed
for shaping the skelp, welding its edges, and perfecting the
welded tube. The patent granted on this application has
been allowed to lapse through the non-payment of renewal
fees.
CHAPTER III.
OPEN OR CLOSE JOINTED TUBES.
THE tubes employed in the construction of bedsteads and
for other similar purposes not having to ' resist either an
external or internal liquid or gaseous pressure, as in the case
of steam, water, and gas pipes, do not require the edges of the
strip from which they are formed securely welding together,
but such edges may be simply butted, making what is
termed an open or close jointed tube.
The accompanying illustrations, figs. 21, 22, and 23, are
from the specification No. 6262, of 1886, of Frederick Huggins,
of the Britannia Tube Works, Birmingham, for " New or
improved machinery for the manufacture of iron and steel
tubes." The inventor states that his machinery is suitable
for the manufacture of iron and steel tubes, whether welded
or open or close jointed. It consists essentially of two pairs
of rolls and a die having a trumpet-shaped axial opening
in it. The said pairs of rolls turn on horizontal shafts
working in bearings on the frame of the machine. The
rolls at the front of the machine that is, at that part at
which enters the strip of iron or steel from which the tube
is to be made are of a shape suited to bend the strip passed
between them into a trough shape that is, semi-tubular, or
nearly semi-tubular one of the said rolls having a groove
semi-circular in cross-section, and the other having a pro-
jection or flange semi-circular in cross-section, the said
flange on one roll working in the groove of the other. The
second pair of rolls consist of two similar rolls that is,
rolls each of which has in it a groove semi-circular in cross-
section, the opposed grooves having the same radius as the
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
17
finished tube. Between the first and second pair of rolls the
die, having a trumpet-shaped axial hole in it, is situated,
the said die being fixed close to, but without touching, the
FIG. 21.
first pair of rolls. The wide end or mouth of the bell-
shaped opening is turned towards the first pair of rolls.
3ST
18
THE MANUFACTURE OF
The rolls are geared together with ordinary gearing and
are driven by steam or other power.
The action of the machinery is as follows :
The machine is situated near the furnace in which the
flat strips of iron or steel to be made into tubes are heated.
The end of a heated strip marked A, in fig. 21, is taken hold
of by the workman by means of a pair of tongs, and intro-
duced between the first pair of rolls B C. The strip A,
seized by the rolls B C, passes rapidly between them and is
bent into a semi-tubular form. Emerging from the first
pair of rolls B C, the trough-like strip indicated by dotted
lines in fig. 21 is forced by the rolls BC through the
trumpet-shaped axial opening of the die D, the axis of the
FIG. 22.
FIG. 23.
said opening being in a line with the axis of the " eye " of
the rolls B C. The trough-shaped heated strip of iron or
steel in passing through the die B is bent into a tubular
form, and on leaving the said die passes between the second
pair of rolls E F, the eye of which is in the same line as the
axis of the trumpet-shaped opening in the die D and the
eye of the first pair of rolls B C. By the action of the
second pair of rolls the drawing of the tube through the die
is completed, and the surface of the tube is improved. The
finished tube passing from the rolls is marked G.
The heated strips of iron or steel may be made by this
.machinery, the inventor states, into welded butt-jointed
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 19
tubes, or into unwelded tubes, commonly called open-jointed
tubes or close-jointed tubes.
When butt-welded tubes are to be made, the edges of the
strip are presented face to face, and the width of the strip
is such that when it passes through the die D the edges are
pressed forcibly together and welded.
In making welded tubes the strips are raised to a welding
heat, and passed through the machine quickly. When
unwelded tubes are to be made, the strips are heated only
to bright redness, and need not be passed so rapidly through
the machine.
In 1894, F. R. Broughton, of Hands worth, Birmingham,
in conjunction with J. Fieldhouse, filed a specification, No.
8563, of 1894, in which they describe a method of forming
closed-jointed tubes entirely by rolling operations, dispensing
with the use of an intermediate die. Their patent is in
force. A list of other patents relating to this class of tubing
will be found in the appendix.
THE MANUFACTURE OF TUBES FROM COILED STRIPS.
As we have already seen, the early process of gun-barrel
making consisted in the welding of a tubular skelp, but it
was well known many years ago that a stronger barrel
could be produced, and many were made, by winding a
ribbon or narrow strip of iron on a mandrel in a spiral
direction and welding the edges together.
In 1857, Edgar Brooks, of Birmingham, filed a specifi-
cation, No. 1603, for a " New and improved manufacture of
gun barrels and other articles of like manufacture." The
inventor says : " I take a rod of iron, and coil it in a helical
direction upon a cylindrical rod or mandrel, the coil of the
helix being brought as close as possible into contact. The
said coil is then submitted to the compressing or percussive
action of a pair of dies, each of which is nearly a hollow
semi-cylinder. The coil is compressed or hammered between
the said dies until it is welded into a compact hollow
cylinder. In order to secure the lateral welding of the
coils together, the interior of each die is provided with a
series of projecting ribs, having such a figure that when the
20
THE MANUFACTURE OF
two dies are brought together they form a hollow cylinder,
on the interior of which is a helical coil of the same pitch
FIG. 24.
as the coil to be welded. The heated coil is so placed
between the dies that the projecting ribs in the said dies
press when the dies close upon the middle or edges of each
FIG. 25.
Q
FIG. 26.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
21
coil of the iron helix. By pressure upon the middle of the
coils the said coils are made to spread laterally, and press
against each other with great force. By pressure upon the
edges of the coils nearly the same effect is produced."
The tubing forming the framing of the bicycle illustrated
at fig. 24 is from the specification of William Hillman, of
the Premier Cycle Works, Coventry, No. 82, of 1892. The
invention, it is stated, consists in the employment in the
construction of the framing and other parts of a cycle of
tubing formed of sheet steel, preferably of the character
known as crucible cast steel, it being essential that the
steel employed should be of high quality. The tubing is
form 3d by coiling a length of such sheet metal, of the
desired width, around a mandrel in such a manner as to
FIG. 27.
obtain at least two layers of metal all along the tube. The
layers are jointed by soldering or brazing at the ends ; or,
if desired, at intervals, or all along the length of the tube.
This patent is still in force.
LOCK-JOINTED AND BRAZED OR SOLDERED TUBES.
With lock-jointed tubing the edges of the strip are locked
or caused to engage the one with the other, either on the
interior or exterior of the tube. They are usually produced
by rolling processes, but in the specification, No. 1415, of
1873, an American, S. R. Wilmot, describes the making of
such tubes by a drawing process, as illustrated by figs. 25 to
22
THE MANUFACTURE OF
29, inclusive. The strip of metal (such as brass, copper, or
steel) coiled or wound on the reel A, figs. 25 and 26, is drawn
FIG. 30.
Fro. 31.
through the former B and die C, which are suitably shaped
to bend the flat strip D through the varying forms shown
at fig. 29 to make the complete tube E.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
23
The illustrations, figs. 30, 31, and 32 show the method o.
interlocking the edges, as set forth in the specification of
J. Gaskell and G. Exton, of Chippenham, No. 5117, of 1883.
This patent became void in 1888.
The illustrations at fig. 33 are from the specification, No.
19230, of 1891, of J. Earle and G. Bourne, of Birmingham.
The patent granted 011 this application is now void through
non-payment of renewal fee. The tubes shown are not, as
or G>
FJO. 33.
will be observed, lock-jointed, but the edges are turned
inwards, and jointed by hard soldering. In the form shown
at A, a strip of metal B is employed to give greater strength,
such strip extending longitudinally throughout the centre
of the tube. In the form at C the strip is of such width as
to permit of both edges extending across the tube, as shown,
whilst at D only one of the edges extends diametrically
across the interior of the tube.
24 THE MANUFACTURE OF
CHAPTER IV.
SEAMLESS STEEL TUBES.
IN the initial stages of the application of a new material
to the production of old or known articles, the method of
manufacture adopted is usually on similar lines to the
method or processes by which the old material is worked
into the required form. From such initial stage we find a
constant development or advance, as a result of the experi-
ments, the research and the ingenuity of the various minds
directed to the subject. Thus the manufacture of seamless
steel tubing, as first suggested or adopted, comprised no new
process or method of treatment, but was merely an applica-
tion of the old or known appliances for dealing with the new
material.
The ductility or flowing property possessed by steel blooms
or billets, as produced by the modern methods of steel manu-
facture on a large scale which have given birth to what has
been termed the "Age of Steel," suggested to tube makers
that such blooms or billets could be treated in the same
manner as copper, brass and other metals. Hence we find
several patent specifications setting forth the production of
tubes from steel by processes similar to those employed in
the manufacture of brass and like tubes.
In his specification, No. 472, of 1854, J. D. M. Stirling, of
Birmingham, states that " Heretofore in the manufacture of
tubes and cylinders of steel it has been usual to employ
sheets of steel bent into the size and form desired, and then
to join the edges by welding or brazing. Now, my invention
consists of casting steel into tubular or hollow cylindrical
forms, and then extending them in diameter or length, or
both, by hammering, by drawing, or rolling, or by combining
such processes. I cause cylindrical or tubular forms, of a
length and diameter according to the length and diameter
of tube or cylinder intended, to be cast of cast steel in a like
manner to what has heretofore been practised when making
tubes of copper or of brass, or solid ingots of cast steel, and
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
25
it is found preferable to allow such steel castings to cool first;
they are afterwards heated to the usual temperature at which
cast steel is hammered, and I prefer tilting or hammering
all such cylindrical or tubular forms previous to drawing
FIG. 34.
through plates or extending by means of rolling." The
inventor proceeds to state that the tubes are heated and
annealed as may be necessary, and are drawn to the required
size with mandrels and dies such as are used for drawing
brass tubes.
SEAMLESS TUBES DIRECT FROM MOLTEN OR PLASTIC METAL.
Before referring to specifications setting forth processes
by which seamless steel tubes for cycle construction and
other purposes are now produced, we may here note the
specification No. 846, of 1882, of R. Elliott, of Newcastle-
on-Tyne, setting forth a method of producing tubes with the
grain or fibre of the metal in a helical direction. The tubes
are made direct from the liquid or plastic metal by a process
similar to that employed for squirting lead pipes. The
adjoining figs. 34 and 35 are from those accompanying the
specification. Referring to fig. 34, the metal, in a molten or
plastic condition, is placed in the vessel A, having at one
26
THE MANUFACTURE OF
end a head piece B, carrying a hollow die of steel or other
hard metal, in which is formed grooves in a helical or screw-
like direction. Projecting into this die is a bar or core C,
secured to the lower end of the vessel A. On pressure being
FIG. 35.
applied to the metal in the vessel A, by means of rams
working in the hydraulic cylinders D, such rams being
connected by rods to the crosshead E as illustrated, the said
metal is forced from the vessel A through the annular space
between the rod C and the die, and is caused by the grooves
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 27
in the die to take a helical or screw-like course there through;
it will thus issue from the hollow head piece B as a tube
with a helical or twisted fibre. The die may be caused to
rotate in the manner illustrated at fig. 35.
A process of making tubes of iron, or steel, or other metal
or alloys, by pouring or passing a tubular stream of molten
metal in contact with continuously moving chilling surfaces,
is described in the specification No. 19153, of 1890, of
Edwin Norton and Edmund Adcock, of Illinois and Chicago
respectively. The patent became void in 1895.
THE APPLICATION OF PUNCHING OR EXTENDING PROCESSES
FOR PRODUCING STEEL TUBES FROM Discs OR BLANKS.
In his specification No. 5265, of 1885, W. H. Brown, of
New York, states : " In the manufacture of drawn-steel
cylinders and tubes from discs of steel, as heretofore
practised, the entire process has been performed with the
metal in a cold state. This process is expensive, owing to
the enormous power required for working the metal in the
earlier of the numerous successive drawing operations
required when the thickness of the metal is great, and the
calibre of the cylindrical cup-formed body being operated
upon is large." The invention of Brown is said to consist in
performing the various operations partly while the steel is
hot and partly while cold that is to say, performing the
earlier stages of the manufacture by which the disc is
brought to the cylindrical form while the steel is hot, and
performing the latter stages by which the steel is com-
pressed, condensed, solidated and tempered while it is in the
cold state. Referring to fig. 36, A is a sectional view of the
disc from which a cylinder is formed, whilst B, C, D and E
are similar views illustrating the different forms assumed by
the disc during its working in a hot state. F, G, and H are
views illustrating the means employed to effect the
successive changes of form. The closed end left in the
cylinder is cut oft 7 at the termination of the hot folding
operation, and the tube is finished to the required size by a
cold drawing with die and triblet, or mandrel. This patent
became void in 1891.
28
THE MANUFACTURE OF
In the specification No. 11095, of 1891, of J. S. Taylor and
S. W. Challen, of Birmingham, there is set forth a series of
operations by which a tube is formed from a disc or blank
of steel by subjecting the metal when in a cold state to a
u
A
H
FIG.
series of cupping operations, whereby the thickness of the
original disc or sheet is maintained approximately the same
throughout such operations, and afterwards subjecting the
long cup thus produced to cold-drawing operations to further
lengthen, reduce in thickness, and polish the tube. The
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
29
blank or disc is cut from a cold steel sheet, and extended in
the manner illustrated by the sections A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,
and J, fig. 37, and is then transferred to the draw benches,
Jf
m
FIG. 37.
and drawn out and finished to the desired diameter and
length by means of die plates such as K, in conjunction
with mandrels, having conical ends to permit of varying
thicknesses of tube being produced, adjustment of the
mandrel being effected by a screw and nut'at its outer end.
30
THE MANUFACTURE OF
To facilitate the operation of drawing the tube or case, the
solid end is closed in or necked as at L, fig. 38, after the
extending operation, to permit of a firm grip or hold being
M
FIG. 38.
obtained by the tongs or like appliances employed for
drawing the tube through the die. The series of operations
through which the sheet passes is shown at M, fig. 38. N is
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
31
This
a detail of the first stage of the cupping process,
patent is in force.
Fig. 39 is from the specification No. 20364, of 1891, of C.
T. Cayley and R. S. Courtnaan, of London, describing an
invention relating to the manufacture of cylinders or bottles
for containing oxygen and other gas under pressure. The
L
L
FIG. 39.
bottles are produced from a solid block of steel, which is
worked into a cup-shaped blank by punching while in a
mould, then made into a tubular form by hot drawing, and
finished by cold drawing and closing of the open end. This
patent became void in the year 1898.
32 THE MANUFACTURE OF
CHAPTER V.
THE MANNKSMANN PROCESS.
THE first patent application made on behalf of the German
manufacturers, Reinhard Mannesmann and Max Mannes-
marm, is dated January 27th, 1885, and the complete
specification filed therewith is No. 1167 of that year. The
title of the specification is given as " Improvements in
rolling metal, and in apparatus therefor," and the invention
is said to " embrace and relate to a process of and apparatus
for rolling solid or hollow metal blocks or pieces, and thereby
imparting to them various dimensions, shapes, sections, or
longitudinal forms." The specification proceeds : " The
process consists firstly in imparting to the piece to be rolled
a rope-like twist as regards the outer fibre. For this purpose
the block or piece is made to rotate between two plain discs,
or between two or more conically-shaped or otherwise formed
rollers, and thereby to advance slowly. In consequence of
the different speed of rotation of the two ends of the blank,
a twist similar to that of a wire rope is imparted to the fibre
of the rolled product. The blank successively passes between
narrow passages of the discs or rollers, and is thus brought
or reduced to any desirable small dimensions as regards
section."
In the drawings accompanying the specification is illus-
trated the apparatus for rolling various dimensions of round
iron with two plain discs. These discs are arranged with
horizontal axes somewhat inclined to each other, and the one
axis is a little higher than the other. The inclination of the
two axes in relation to each other may be varied to obtain
various alterations of form, and the difference in the height
of the axes may also be varied. A conical space is thus
formed between the working faces of the discs, and the
material is intr< ductd on the 'wide side or end of the space.
The discs revolve in opposite directions and besides rotating
the blank they impart to it a forward motion, varying with
the difference in their levels.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 33
The drawings of the same specification also illustrate a
method of rolling with an oblique or diagonal mill, having
rolls mounted in bearings provided with means for the
necessary adjustment to effect the oblique rolling of blanks
of various dimensions. Tubes are formed with such an
oblique or diagonal mill by fixing a mandrel in front of the
centre of the blank.
In the following year (1886) the same applicants filed a
specification, No. 9939, 1886, setting forth an invention
which they describe as " An improvement upon and further
development of the method of rolling solid or hollow blocks
of metal," for \vhich letters patent, No. 1167, of 1885, were
granted. The inventors state that their process " consists
mainly in working upon the outside of a solid blank by
external rolls or rollers in such a manner that the blank
assumes a tubular shape, either no core or mandrel being
employed in such cases, or else a core or mandrel being
employed for the purpose of smoothing the inside of the pipe
or tube thus formed, reducing the thickness of its sides or
shell, and enlarging its internal diameter."
The illustrations at the adjoining fig. 40 are selected from
the drawings accompanying the 1886 specification. Referring
to the elevation and plan at A, the axes of the discs or
rollers are placed at an angle to each other, as illustrated,
and the block of metal a to be operated upon has a rotary
and at the same time a horizontal motion imparted to it.
In the arrangement shown at B the rollers are arranged
over and under each other, the axes being inclined, whilst C
represents another side-by-side arrangement. At A the
working takes place between the lateral, but at B and C
between the circumferential surfaces of the rollers. Towards
the egress side the distance of the rollers from one another
becomes less, so that the piece of metal has a spiral motion
on its emergence from the rolls. Lateral guides, as 6, are
provided for the purpose of regulating the motion of the
blank a, and such guides may be fitted with rollers, as at D,
to obviate excessive heating by friction during working.
" When the blank has been sufficiently heated to make it
soft enough, or if possessed of a sufficient degree of plasticity
at ordinary temperature, and if during the passage through
4ST
34
THE MANUFACTURE OF
FIG. 40.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 35
the rollers a sufficient reduction of dimensions takes place, a
transfer of metal from the centre towards the circumference
of the blank is effected, and by external compressions or by
displacement of molecules a pipe or tube can be formed
without the use of a core. Such would, for example, be the
case if a cast-steel billet I'Sin. diameter be worked, and if
the spiral threads performed by the blank be not too distant
from each other, so that when the axis of rotation of the
blank forms an angle of 6 degrees with the roller, the blank
of 1 '2 in. advances '08 in. at every revolution. The dimen-
sions of the hollow formed depends upon several circum-
stances, to wit :
" 1. The proportion between the speed at which the rotation
takes place and the progress of the blank. The hole will be
largest when there is a certain proportion between the
circular and the rectilinear motion, which is determined by
the nature of the material, the temperature, the superficial
area of the rollers, as well as their speed, dimensions, and
position, the most suitable proportion being in each instance
ascertained by practical experience. As the proportion
varies the hole becomes less, until it disappears altogether,
and the blank remains solid."
" 2. The position of the blank between the rollers. The
more central the position of the blank, the larger the hole
will be, and conversely, until it disappears altogether when
the blank occupies a certain lateral position, determined by
the nature of the material and the temperature."
" 3. The proportion in which the dimensions of the blank
are being reduced. The formation of the hole only com-
mences when a certain reduction takes place, and thus the
size of the hole and the proportion between its diameter and
the external dimensions of the blank increases up to a certain
limit, as the size of the blank is growing less."
" 4. The angle at which the surfaces of the rollers work
together."
" 5. The twist of the fibres."
" 6. The configuration of the surface of the rollers. Round
or angular projections, whether parallel to the axis of the
roller or at an angle thereto, are apt to facilitate the forma-
tion of the hollow, because they tend to increase the
3Q THE MANUFACTURE OF
superficial area of the blank. For the purpose of varying
the size of the hollow, the position of the rollers may be
adjusted while the work is going on, or during the intervals,
by means of suitable levers or hydraulic arrangements."
" If a solid piece of metal, as E, has its ends bevelled or
tapered down, or if its thickness is reduced at one or more
places, as the sample F, then if such piece of metal is passed
through the rolls it becomes tubular in the parts that were
originally thick, and remains solid at those parts that were
reduced in size, as illustrated at E 1 and F 1 . Billets formed
as E 1 may be used for railway axles such as G. Where the
billet or blank is hollow at the outset, the hole may be
enlarged by the proper adjustment of the position of the
rollers while the process is going on, and this enlargement
may take place although the diameter of the blank itself is
being reduced, as illustrated at H. By means of a core or
mandrel a greater amount of smoothness may be given to
hole. The mandrel shown at J is prevented from sliding in
the direction of its axis, and the blank rotates over it in the
form of a pipe. The diameter of the finished pipe or tube
may be equal to, larger, or smaller, than that of the original
blank, but in practice the adjustment is to be made in such
a way as to add to the tendency of the hole to enlarge itself.
To this end the core or mandrel is made thicker at one end,
as shown at K. With a screw and nut arrangement, as at L,
the thickness of the tube may be varied by adjusting the
position of the conical mandrel. In the arrangement shown
at M the mandrel shaft is in tension instead of compression,
as in the previous cases. In the arrangement shown at N
the duty of the core or mandrel is simply to enlarge the
hole ; it takes no part in the initial formation of the hole.
A combination of two sets of rolls is illustrated at 0."
In connection with the foregoing the reader should refer
to Chapter VIII. of this edition.
The illustrations at fig. 41 are from the drawings accom-
panying the specification No. 666, of 1887, filed on behalf of
the Messrs. Mannesmann. The shape and arrangement of
the rolls is thus described in the specification : " Two or
more conical rollers, the working surfaces of which are
inclined in a manner to give a conical shape to the blank
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 37
between them, are arranged obliquely to each other, to
revolve in suitable bearings, so constructed that all or any of
the rollers may be adjusted laterally, vertically, and in
respect of the angle of inclination to its fellow or fellows.
All the rollers are laid in the same direction that is to say,
the ends of larger diameter are all situated at the same end
FIG. 41.
of the apparatus. The peripheries of the rollers have formed
on them a number of helical corrugations, so that a blank or
block of metal fed in between the rollers at the one end of
the apparatus issues from the other end in the form of a pipe
or tube, a cylindrical passage being formed through a part of
the length of the same. The said corrugations gradually
38
THE MANUFACTURE OF
disappear towards the end of the emergence, in order to
produce an externally smooth tube, and this is more
effectually attained by making the end parts of the rollers
cylindrical, as shown in the accompanying drawings. The
rollers are caused to revolve, by any suitable power and
FIG. 42.
gearing, in the same direction, so that the~working surfaces
move in opposite directions, rolling the ' blank between
them."
The illustrations at fig. 42 are from thefdrawings accom-
panying the specification No. 6453, of 1887, filed on behalf of
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 39
Messrs. Mannesmann, representing a further development of
their method of transforming solid ingots of metal into tubes.
A is a plan of a pair of hemispheroidal rolls mounted upon
the opposite ends of two converging shafts, having suitable
portions of their working faces convergent and the re-
maining portions divergent, showing a conical mandrel
interposed between the divergent portions of the working
faces, and also showing in longitudinal section a solid
metallic blank which has been seized by the convergent
portions of the working faces and has commenced its
passage between the rolls. B is a similar view representing
the blank as having so far progressed between the rolls that
there has been formed at its forward end a tubular recess,
into which the pointed end of the mandrel projects. C
represents the blank so far progressed between the rolls that
the rear end has been carried nearly to the point of the
mandrel, whilst D shows the conclusion of the tube-forming
and enlarging operation.
From a paper on the Mannesmann process, read before the
British Association Bath meeting, in 1888, the following
observations are selected, as they may perhaps assist the
reader in appreciating the essential features in the arrange-
ment of the apparatus :
" In the ordinary rolling of iron bars, sheets, &c., we
have ' longitudinal rolling.' In rolling for the purpose of
straightening or polishing bars, two or three rolls are
employed which revolve in the same direction, and the bar
is inserted at the ends of the rolls, or in the direction of
their longitudinal axis, instead of at right angles thereto.
With such rolling the bar is not drawn forward, but simply
rotates, and if sufficient pressure is applied the bar is
elongated, but no decided fibre is produced. This may be
termed * circular rolling' that is, the bar is rotated. In the
Mannesmann process two or three rolls may be employed
turning in the same direction, thus imparting a rotative
movement in the opposite direction to the bar to be operated
upon. The two or more rolls are, however, arranged at an
angle with each other in such a manner as to impart also
a forward motion to the blank."
The following patent applications have been filed by or
40 THE MANUFACTURE OF
on behalf of Mannesmann, subsequently to those previously
noted : No. 9754, of 1888 ; No. 3371, of 1891 ; No. 4595, of
1892; and No. 7153, of 1892. The three last-named
patents are in force. See also list given in appendix.
THE STIEFEL PROCESS.
The specification No. 23702, of 1895, of Ralph Charles
Stiefel, of Pennsylvania, U.S.A., has attracted much
attention in this country. The illustrations at fig. 43 are
from the drawings accompanying this specification, which
is entitled, " Improvements in mechanism for piercing solid
metallic ingots or blanks," and the inventor states that his
object is to pierce metallic blanks or billets in a heated state
without subjecting them to torsional strain or materially
disturbing the longitudinal arrangement of the fibres of the
metal. The mechanism for accomplishing this object
consists of a pair of specially constructed and arranged
parallel discs and a piercing mandrel, by means of which the
heated blanks or billets may be drawn and pierced at one
operation. In this operation a blank is passed between the
adjacent faces of the two parallel discs, \vhich impart to it a
rotary motion, and at the same time a longitudinal motion
which forces it against a conical piercing mandrel lying in
the path of the axis of the blank ; the arrangement of the
working surfaces of the discs is such that a practically
uniform speed of rotation is imparted to each and every
portion of the blank lying between and being acted upon by
them, thus producing a drawing action upon the blank that
does not materially alter the longitudinal arrangement or
relation of the fibres in the blank, or in the final product
thereof, during any changes wrought in its diameter. The
grip of the disc on the blank gives sufficient power in its
forward and rotary movements to force it on to and over the
mandrel, which thus pierces its centre. The mandrel may
be fixed, or it may be rotated at a speed different from the
speed of the blank, in order to impart to it a more or less
energetic boring effect in penetrating into the blank.
A, fig. 43, is a plan view partially in section of the pair of
discs, with a piercing mandrel the point of which is between
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
41
the working surfaces and a blank, or billet, embraced by the
discs and undergoing the process of being pierced by the
mandrel. B is a side view of the same, some of the parts
being broken away to more clearly illustrate the construction
FIG. 43.
of those behind them. The blank enters the "pass " between
the rolls or discs from the side b, and is gripped, revolved
and forced by the rolls over the mandrel as illustrated. The
guide blocks a are employed to hold the blanks in proper
position.
42 THE MANUFACTURE OF
CHAPTER VI.
VARIOUS PROCESSES AND MACHINERY RELATING TO THE
MANUFACTURE OF SEAMLESS STEEL TUBES.
The Credenda Tube Co. The improvements described
in the specification, No. 12823, of 1885, of W. C. Stiff and
H. B. S. Bennett, of the Credenda Tube Co., of Birmingham,
have reference to the formation of the axial hole in the
ingot or bloom from which the steel tube is made. The
inventors state that " in the ordinary methods of manufac-
turing seamless steel tubes, a solid cylindrical ingot or
bloom or bar is formed by rolling or hammering or by
casting, and an axial hole is made in the said ingot or
bloom by drilling or punching, the partly made tube being
completed by rolling and drawing in the ordinary way ; or
the said hole is formed in the casting process. According
to our invention, we first drill or punch a small axial hole
in the said ingot or bar, and afterwards enlarge the said
hole to the required diameter by a drawing process con-
ducted in the following manner : We fix the axially-d rilled
cylindrical ingot or bar on a bed or holder, and while the
said ingot or bar is so fixed we enlarge the small axial hole
in it by means of a bulb mandrel worked by a powerful
draw bench or machine, the rod or stem of the bulb mandrel
being passed through the small axial hole in the ingot. By
the action of the bulb of the mandrel upon the axial hole
through which it is drawn the said hole is expanded to the
required diameter, the metal thus displaced expanding
radially, and increasing the external diameter of the ingot
or bar. The steel ingot or bar is at the same time consoli-
dated. The ingot or partly-formed tube, after the hole in
it has been increased in diameter to the required extent,
may, by a rolling or drawing operation, be diminished in
diameter, and the ingot again subjected to the action of the
bulb mandrel, so as to again increase the diameter of
the hole. Instead of drawing the bulb mandrel through the
ingot or bar, the bulb mandrel may be stationary, and the
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
43
ingot or bar drawn over the same, or the mandrel may be
pushed through the ingot or bar. In this way the ingot or
partly-made tube may be consolidated to any desired extent,
and an axial hole of the required diameter formed in it.
When we make the small initial hole by drilling, we effect
the drilling while the ingot or bar is cold; but when such
^ IT
FIG. 44.
hole is formed by punching, we effect such punching on a
heated ingot or bar. All the subsequent processes we
perform while the ingot or bar is hot. The improvements
described may be applied to the manufacture of tubes and
ordnance, made either of steel or iron."
44 THE MANUFACTURE OF
The illustrations at fig. 44 are from the drawings accom-
panying the specification, A being a longitudinal section,
and B a plan of a draw-bench arranged for the enlargement
of the small axial hole in the ingot a by the bulb-headed
mandrel b. C is a section representing the enlargement of
the hole in a taper tube, suitable for the manufacture of
ordnance.
Draiving Tubes with an Infernal Taper. In his specifica-
tion, No. 1449, of 1876, describing a process of tapering
steel tube?, Thomas Rickett, of Birmingham, states : " It
is commonly known that locomotive boiler tubes are
invariably made taper inside and parallel outside that is
to say, nearly double the thickness at the firebox end to that
at the smoke-box end. This is done in order to have the
greater thickness where the most wear exists, and the lesser
thickness where not required for wear and tear, to economise
cost and weight, and also because a thinner tube conducts
heat more rapidly than a thicker one. Brass and copper
tubes are made taper inside by drawing them upon a taper
bar or mandrel the entire length of the tube and afterwards
stripping the tube off the mandrel, a process which is not
practicable for steel, tubes; and at present, to the best of my
knowledge, there is no plan existing by which steel tubes
may be drawn with an internal taper, as desired, for boiler
tubes."
The inventor then proceeds 1o state that, "in the process
of drawing steel tubes the tubes are usually drawn over a
fixed bulb-headed mandrel, adjusted so that the centre or
largest part of the bulb end is in the centre or smallest part
of the die, and my improved plan of tapering consists in
having a short taper mandrel or plug arranged so that
during the process of drawing the tubes through a fixed die
the taper mandrel or plug is moved forwards or backwards
as required, by any suitable mechanical means, and it is
evident that if a tube be drawn over a taper plug when the
small end is in the centre of the die, the tube will be of a
thickness equal to the annular space between the small end
of the plug and the centre of the die, and if another tube be
drawn over this same plug when the large end is in the
centre of the die, the tube when drawn will be thinner than
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
45
the previous one in proportion to the taper on the plug.
If, now, the same plug is made to change its position with
regard to the die by mechanical means during the process
of drawing, the small end being in the centre of the die
when the tube is beginning to be drawn, and the plug
gradually moving forwards until the large end is in the
IT :.o
FIG. 45.
centre of the die at the finish of the drawing, a tube will be
produced having an internal taper corresponding to the
taper on the plug, and proportionate in length to the
relative speed by which it is made to traverse that is, if
the length of the tube to be drawn is 12ft. when finished,
and the length of the taper required on the plug be 1| in.,
46
THE MANUFACTURE OF
then the speed of the bench compared with that of the plug
will be as 96 to 1, and for an 8 ft. tube as 64 to 1."
The illustrations at figs. 45 and 46 are from the drawings
of Rickett's specification, A being a side elevation, partly in
section, showing the tapering gear fitted to a hydraulic draw
bench, and B a plan of such gearing. C is an end view
showing the tapering gear, and D a transverse section of the
draw bench. E, F, G, H, J, and K are sections to a larger
scale, E representing the parallel tube passed over the taper
plug and ready for being tapered by drawing it off again.
FIG. 46.
F shows the commencement of the tapering at the small end
of the plug. G shows the completion of the tapering at the
large end of the plug. H shows the section of a parallel
tube, and J a section of the same tube after having passed
through the tapering process. K shows a similar tube with
thickened end, giving greater strength for fixing into boiler.
This patent lapsed, of course, some years since.
Taper Tubes. The illustrations at fig. 47 are from th e
specification No. 13357, of 1888, of William Pilkington, O f
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
47
Birmingham, for " Improvements in the tapering of or
reducing of tubes of iron, steel, or other metals, and in the
ornamentation thereof." The inventor states that he con-
structs "one, two, or more dies or moulds, having in each a
tapered aperture. If more than one die is used, each is
locked or stayed to the other, thus forming an uninterrupted
tapered passage ; the number of dies varies according to
FIG. 47.
the length of the tapering of the tube. I take a tube of the
required length and place it in or at the mouth of the
aperture in the uppermost die, and by means of hydraulic
or other pressure I force the one end of the said tube down
the dies, and so taper or reduce the tube." This patent
became void in 1892.
The illustrations at fig. 48 are from the specification No.
17090, of 1892, in the names of W. Pilkington, C. T. Bishop,
48
THE MANUFACTURE OF
and others, for "Improvements in apparatus to be employed
in the manufacture of metallic tapered tubes." The patentees
state that their invention relates to " the converting of a
parallel tube into a tapered tube by the employment of
semi-elliptical grooved rolls, through which the parallel
FIG. 48.
tube is passed when placed upon a conoidal mandrel under
the yielding pressure or resistance of springs, steam,
hydraulic, pneumatic, or other elastic or yielding power."
A is a sectional view of a parallel tube upon a conoidal
mandrel, preparatory to rolling and converting to a tapered
tube. B is a section showing the process of the first pass
IKON AND STEEL TUBES.
49
through the rolls. C is a view of the rolls, with formation
of the tube upon the conoidal mandrel by the first pass.
D is a section showing the second pass through the rolls,
and E of the finished tapered tube on its mandrel. After
cceo
FIG. 49.
the first pass through the rolls, the tube and mandrel are
turned through a quarter of a revolution, thus bringing the
portions of the tube between the rolls which were not
affected during the first rolling. The required pressure
upon the upper roll is imposed, in the additional drawings
5ST
50 THE MANUFACTUKE OF
accompanying the specification, by means of a spiral spring
which allows the roll to automatically adjust itself to the
varying diameter of the mandrel. This patent became void
in 1898.
The illustrations, fig. 49, are from the specification No.
15308, of 1885, of Henry Waters, of Birmingham, for
" Improvements in the manufacture or production of tubes,
rods, and other articles having a taper or undulating figure."
The invention is stated to " consist preferably in the con-
struction and arrangement of expanding and contracting
dies, which are opened and closed in order to create a
greater or less aperture or eye on the drawing of the die
dish or carrier over a tube or rod to be tapered or shaped.
The contraction and expansion of the segments of the dies
which enclose or form the eye or aperture, is effected by an
inclined plane or pattern, corresponding to the taper or
figure of the object to be drawn, tapered, or shaped. This
inclined plane or pattern acts in conjunction with the
segments of the dies in such a manner that a tube, rod, or
other object is drawn with a progressive taper, or with an
undulatory or other figure, by the traversing and closing
of the dies upon the object being fashioned, and during this
operation the object itself is rotating. This rotation is
simply to counteract any defects which may incidentally
occur in the figure or formation of the acting parts of the
die." This patent became void in 1890.
A process of making seamless steel tubes from an ingot
having a core of yielding refractory material is set forth in
the specification No. 1467, of 1888, of C. A. Marshall, of
Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The illustrations at fig. 50 set forth
the process. The ingot is cast of a form such as shown at A,
having a core a of yielding refractory material, such as
powdered graphite having dry fire clay mixed therewith,
contained in a casing b. B represents the ingot reduced to
a flattened blank by rolls or by external pressure. C
represents the blank partially opened. D is a cross-
section of the partially completed tube as it appears
when ready to be drawn over the shaping ball or mandrel.
E represents a cross-section through the partially completed
tube and the point of a mandrel. F is a cross-section of
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
51
n
\j
/f
M
ft 3 T
FIG. 50.
52
THE MANUFACTURE OF
the finished cylindrical tube. G, H, J, K, L, M represent
modified forms of ingot cores, and N and modified forms
of blanks. P and Q represent modified forms into which
the blank may be partially opened. B, S, and T illustrate
different forms of rolls for partially opening the blank, and
U a set of guides. This patent was allowed to lapse before
the expiration of full term.
The " improvements in the manufacture of solid drawn or
seamless tubes and in machinery employed in the manu-
FIG. 51.
facture thereof," as described in the specification of W.
Pilkington and others, No. 14278, of 1888, comprise the use
of three rolls with helical grooves extending along their
surfaces. Fig. 51 is an end elevation, and fig. 52 a front
elevation of the rolls. The rolls are preferably of an equal
diameter, and their axes are parallel or nearly parallel to
each other. The helical grooves extend from end to end.
At the entering end a the grooves are deep, but as they
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
63
proceed along the rolls they become shallower, until, on
reaching the leaving end 6, the depth is comparatively nil.
The grooves in each of the rolls are of the same pitch, so
that when the three rolls are rotated simultaneously at the
same speed and in the proper direction on their axes they
form in the triangular space where they meet, a kind of nut
or internal threaded screw, so that any object fitting into
the grooves of the rolls would be carried along from the
FIG. 52.
entering end a to the leaving end b. The rolls are mounted
upon any ordinary frame, and in such a manner that the
hollow ingot or tube use c on the mandrel d can be presented
endwise in the space between the rolls at the entering end a,
to be seized by the helical grooves in the rolls, and thus
carried in a direction parallel to the axes of the rolls, and
out at the leaving end 6. When the ingot or tube use is
first seized by the rolls it has deep impressions formed in it
by the grooves, but as it passes along the rolls the grooves
54
THE MANUFACTURE OF
become shallower, until finally on leaving the rolls the tube
use is in the form of a hollow cylinder of smaller outside
diameter than when it entered the rolls, but longer, and
with its metal more dense.
To free the mandrel from the tube use after it has passed
through the rolls, it is sometimes put through a pair of
ordinary grooved rolls in a direction at right angles to the
axes of such rolls, with the result that the tube is bulged to
FIG. 53.
a sufficient extent to release the mandrel. The method of
releasing the mandrel illustrated in the drawings consists
in the provision of a square head such as d' on the head of
the mandrel, which, when the tube use is nearly through the
helically-grooved rolls, is brought up and into a holder e,
which retains and prevents rotation of the mandrel d, but
the tube use c by the action of the rolls is still carried
onwards and thus withdrawn from the mandrel and freed
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
55
at the leaving end b. The tube is finished by drawing on a
mandrel through dies in an ordinary drawbench. This
patent became void in 1893.
The specification No. 16934, 1889, of William Pilkington
and others, of the Birmingham Climax Steel Tube Co.,
describes a process for the conversion of a cylindrical steel
FIG. 54.
ingot into a comparatively short thick tube which is sub-
sequently dealt with by other means. The process is
illustrated at figs. 53 and 54. A comparatively small hole
is first bored through the my:ot in the direction of its length
in the ordinary manner. The ingot is then heated, and
there is forced into it at one end a mandrel having a loose
coaoidal end, and the hot ingot is then rolled over the
mandrel in a tube-rolling mill such as illustrated. The
mandrel is prevented from moving with the ingot which is
56
THE MANUFACTURE OF
forced over it by the action of the rolls, and thereby
lengthened, whilst the hole is enlarged. This patent became
void in 1893.
The specification No. 9657, of 1893, by the same patentees,
relates to the construction and arrangement of machines and
/
/
\
^, ^ /
J=
0|
n
\
\
\
\ /
i
^ -___.^ ^
v *- -
FIG. 55
mills for rolling metal tubes, with the object of reducing
the diameter and drawing down the tubes while in a cold
state, and without requiring that the metal shall be
annealed after each operation. The machines are also
employed for rolling tubes which have been drawn cold on a
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
57
mandrel, the object of such rolling being to release the tube
from the mandrel.
Fig. 55 is an end elevation and fig. 56 a side elevation of
a machine constructed in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 56.
Three or more peculiarly-formed rolls are mounted within
side frames or housings on spindles, which are arranged at
an angle with each other. The working surfaces of the rolls
are preferably in the form of bulbs or round-edged discs.
58
THE MANUFACTUKE OF
The tube a to be drawn down or operated upon is passed
through the rolls in the direction of their length. As the
tube enters the machine it is first caught up by the three
inclined rollers at their most open or widest part, and it is
then drawn through by the revolution of the rolls in a
manner which causes a gradually reducing area or opening
to be presented for the passage of the tube. The tube is
thus caused to be drawn through the rolls in a spiral
FIG. 57.
Fio. 58.
manner, the bulb or curved edges of the rolls acting mean-
time upon the surface of the metal to draw it out or
gradually reduce its thickness during the passage through
the machine. This patent became void in 1901.
The difficulty of withdrawing a tube from its mandrel
has engaged the attention of a German inventor, Wilhelm
Lorenz, with the result that in his specification No. 12624,
of 1888, he sets forth a method of employing an explosive
charge for this purpose, to be fired by an electric spark,
which is sufficiently explained in the accompanying fig. 57.
In the modification at fig. 58, liquid pressure is forced in
IRON AND STC.EL TUBES.
59
between the surfaces of the mandrel and the drawn article.
This patent became void in 1892.
A jointed mandrel for tube coiling and bending, illustrated
by the figs. 59 and 60, is from the specification No. 5012, of
1885, of George Round, of Smethwick. This patent became
void in 1889.
A considerable number of specifications have been filed
in this country by or on behalf of Charles Kellogg, an
American. In 1883 he filed the specification No. 2844,
FIG. 69.
describing what is termed a "universal rolling mill." In-
ordinary rolling mills the under or lower roll is mounted in
fixed bearings, which are incapable of vertical adjustment,
all the adjustment required being made with the top roll.
Such an arrangement is quite suitable for rolling solid
articles, but in the rolling of tubes there is the disadvantage
Fio.
when working with a supported mandrel that the surfaces of
the rolls are not maintained at equal distances from the
centre line of the mandrel. In his specification referred to,
Kellogg partly overcame this objection by mounting both
upper and lower rolls in adjustable bearings, and in his
specification No. 12042, of 1887, he improves on this by
providing means for the simultaneous adjustment of all the
60
THE MANUFACTURE OF
rolls iu the mill. The adjustment is effected by the opera-
tion of steam-driven racks. The patent No. 2844, of 1883,
became void in 1890, and the patent No. 12042, of 1887,
became void in 1893.
The illustrations at figs. 61 to 64 inclusive are from
Kellogg' s specification No. 2933, of 1889. The inventor
describes the object of his invention as follows: "It has
been discovered that hollow steel ingots can be converted
into seamless tubes, columns, and similar articles, by means
of an organised machine composed of a series of pairs of
positively-driven rolls and a tapered mandrel extended
between the rolls, and that such articles can be manufactured
FIG. 61.
more rapidly by making the mandrel immovable, and
arranging the supports or holders therefor so that the heated
ingot can be passed over the supported end of the mandrel
Avithout changing the relation of the mandrel to the rolls."
The object of the invention is, first, to produce seamless
tubes, &c., from hollow ingots by means of an organised
machine, consisting of a series cf pairs of suitably-shaped
rolls, each successive pair of the series being driven at a
greater speed than the preceding pair, and a tapered or
conical mandrel placed between the series of rolls; second, to
progressively roll and reduce a series of heated ingots into
tubes or similar articles in the same machine, so that the
several stages of the operation, from placing the heated
ingot on the mandrel, the progressive rolling and reduction
of a number of ingots, and the delivery of a completed tube
off the end of the mandrel, may be carried on simultaneously
and continuously ; third, to support or hold a mandrel
between a series of pairs of rolls, so that a heated ingot can
IKON AND STEEL TUBES.
61
be placed on the mandrel and fed to the rolls without
decentering the mandrel; fourth, to provide means for
independently operating the grips by which the mandrel
is held; fifth, to provide means for cooling the mandrel
without exposing the heated ingot to the cooling agent
The adjoining fig. 61 is a sectional side elevation of the
machine, showing the operation of feeding and reducing a
series of ingots simultaneously. Fig. 62 is a horizontal
section to a larger scale through one of the grips, arid
longitudinally of the mandrel and of an ingot thereon, also
showing means of controlling the flow of water into and out
of the mandrel, and the gradual reduction of the ingot by
the several pairs of rolls during the "pass" through the
machine. Fig. 63 shows in cross-section the various forms
given to the ingot by the successive pairs of rolls. Fig. 64
represents one of the grips in the open position and the
means by which it is operated. The same reference letters
in the different views indicate the same parts. A, A 1
indicate the rolls, which are arranged in pairs, and so
disposed as to bring into alternate relation the horizontal
rolls A and the vertical rolls A 1 . The rolls are each provided
with a peripheral groove of such shape in cross-section that
C2 THE MANUFACTURE OF
the grooves in the rolls of each pair form a cavity or " pass "
of the same shape that the article is intended to receive from
the rolls. The rolls of each pair nre caused to rotate
positively together in unison by suitable gearing. B is the
mandrel, which is preferably made with a uniform taper
commencing near the outer side of the first pair of rolls, and
extending to the end, which rests between the last or
discharging pair of rolls ; it is also made hollow to facilitate
cooling. The object of thus tapering the mandrel (which is
clearly shown at fig. 62) is to facilitate the rolling action,
the bind of the metal against the mandrel occurring only in
the line of the bite of the rolls, the ingots being of larger
internal diameter than the mandrel on both sides of this
line. Hence the resistance to the drawing action of the
rolls occurs only at the point of reduction ; beyond this
point, between the successive pairs of rolls, the ingot meets
with no resistance to its progress from the mandrel, and the
result is that the rolling can be performed more rapidly and
with less power by using a tapered mandrel than with any
other known form.
The ingot grips are placed in the positions C, C 1 at fig. 61,
in front of the first pair of rolls. Each grip works inde-
pendently, and is operated by its own mechanism. The
group C 1 is placed as closely as possible to the first pair of
rolls, but the grip C is far enough from the grip C 1 to permit
of an ingot being placed in the mandrel between them, as
shown at fig. 61. Each grip is formed from a pair of arms
I), D l , fig. 64, pivoted together by the pin E. The grips
are opened and closed by a ram working in the cylinder F,
under the action of steam, water, or other fluid pressure.
The cooling of the mandrel is effected by the circulation
of water from the inlet G through the internal pipe G 1 , fig.
62, and back through the annular space between the pipe
and the internal surface of the mandrel to the outlet G 2 . The
inlet and outlet connections are formed in the jaws of the
grip D, but valves are arranged to prevent discharge of
the water when the jaws are opened. This patent became
void in 1894.
In his specification No. 8152, of 1890, Kellogg describes an
improved mandrel for use with the apparatus described in
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
63
FIG. 64.
64
THE MANUFACTURE OF
the aforesaid patent of 1889; and in his specification No.
16990, of 1890, further improvements on the 1889 machine
are set forth. Both these patents became void in 1894.
On May 1st, 1888, S. P. Tasker, of Philadelphia, filed his
British specification No. 6493, for " Rolling mills for making
FIG. 65.
Fio. 68.
FIG. 66.
FIG. 70.
FIG. 69.
tubes from hollow metal ingots," in which he sets forth
that the object of his invention, broadly stated, is " the
manufacture of a tube from a hollow cylindriform metal
ingot (preferably a steel cast ingot) by the simultaneous
subjection of the external surfaces of said ingot (either hot
or cold) to the action of external compression roils, and of
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
65
the internal surfaces of said ingot to the action of positively-
driven rolls, which subserve also the office of a ball or
mandrel proper, the result of the said subjection being not
only the positive feeding of the ingot through the rolling
mill constituted by the rolls referred to, but the compacting,
consolidation, thinning, and reduction of the substance of
the : walls of the ingot, and its consequent extension or
increase in length."
On the same date the same inventor filed an application
which bears the next official number to the aforenamed
specification, and in this specification, which is entitled
" Roller mandrels," he describes means for effecting the
FIG. 71.
FIG. 73.
positive driving of the rolls mounted on the mandrels. The
illustrations at figs. 65 to 73 inclusive are selected from
the drawings accompanying this specification No. 6494, of
1888. The object of employing such rolls is, of course, to
reduce the friction between the interior surface of the tube
and the ball or head of the ordinary mandrel, and thus to
permit of the more ready passage of the tube over the
mandrel and withdrawal of the mandrel from the tube. Idle
rolls had been previously employed by the inventor, and he
refers to several prior United States patents for the better
appreciation of this invention, of which the object "is to
provide means for positively driving the mandrel rolls, so as
to render them no longer idle rolls, the movement of which
is wholly due to the movement of the tube upon them, but
positively-driven rolls which move under the thrust or
impulse of suitable actuating devices, with a positive rotative
6ST
66
THE MANUFACTURE OF
motion, which is the same as, or greater, or less, than that
of the tube operated upon."
Fig. 65 is a top-plan view of a mandrel having two rolls,
the axes of which lie in the same plane. Fig. 66 is a trans-
Fio. 74.
verse vertical sectional elevation through the mandrel of fig.
65 in the plane of the dotted line a b of said figure. Fig. 67 is
an end elevation of a convenient form of operating mechanism
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
67
for the driving gearing of the mandrel rolls shown at figs. 65
and 66. Each roll is provided with sunken wheel teeth
extending around the central circumference and which gear
into the double rack C. The rack engages between two
toothed wheels D, D 1 , fig. 67, which are driven from the
pulley E. Fig. 68 is a top-plan view of a mandrel having
two rolls, the axes of which, although in parallel horizontal
FIG. 75.
planes, are inclined to one another ; and fig. 69 is a front
elevation with part section. The double actuating rack in
this case has teeth of a spiral form corresponding with the
respective inclinations of the roll teeth.
Figs. 70 and 71 are transverse vertical sectional elevations
through mandrels having three rolls, which are adapted to
be actuated by driving gear constituted by racks of different
68
THE MANUFACTURE OF
form, and figs. 72 and 73 a convenient arrangement of the
driving mechanism. This patent became void in 1892.
A combination comprising a stationary mandrel with a
revolving die is illustrated in figs. 74 and 75, prepared from
the specification No. 9560, of 1884, of Joseph Short, of
Birmingham, for "An improved apparatus for drawing tubes
arid bars." The machine, as illustrated, is for the purpose
of " drawing, compressing, and reducing the diameters and
FJG. 76.
the thickness or substance of steel, iron, and other metallic
tubes, bars, or shafting." The die A is keyed or otherwise
secured within the socket B, formed with the worm wheel
C. This wheel and socket revolve in the standard of the
machine, friction rollers as D being arranged to receive the
thrust during the drawing of the tubes. The mandrel E is
stationary, but the tube F has a longitudinal movement
imparted to it in the direction of the arrow as the die is
revolved. The die A may be provided with two or more
bulbs, and thus two or more drawing operations may be
effected simultaneously. This patent became void in 1894.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
69
Iii the specification No. 10796, of 1887, of Edward Cope
and Alfred Rollings, of Manchester, there is described a
machine for expanding steel tubes by subjecting the metal
to a rolling or squeezing action around its longitudinal
axis, with a revolving tube expander on the interior, and
revolving rolls on the exterior of the tube. Fig. 76 is a
vertical section, and fig. 77 an end view of the machine.
The sleeve A, with central cheeks B, is mounted in bearings,
and driven through the pulley C. The outside rollers D are
carried in bearings free to slide to and from the centre of
the sleeve, and such bearings are connected by rods to
weights E, the bearings on the one side being connected to
the weight on the opposite side of the sleeve. The weights
are also connected to the sliding collar F in order that they
can be adjusted if necessary. The expanding mandrel on
70 THE MANUFACTURE OF
the interior of the tube G is fitted with rollers as illustrated.
The centrifugal action of the weights E of the external
rolls D cause the said rolls to act on the outside of the tube,
and by the combined action on the inner and outer surfaces
the internal and external diameters of the tube will be
increased without material elono-ation.
CHAPTER VII.
ROBERTSON PROCESSES. EHRHARDT PROCESSES.
JAMES ROBERTSON* (the inventor of the frictional gearing
bearing his name) has obtained several patents relating to
the manufacture of seamless steel and other tubes. His
specification No. 5018, of 1888, describes the production of
seamless metal tubes from billets of metal in a hot or viscid
state, by the " squirting " of the metal through a die and
over a mandrel. Mr. Robertson states in his specification
that it is no part of his invention to use any of his " new
and improved modes and means or apparatus for making
tubes out of what are usually designated soft metals such as
lead and tin." The apparatus consists primarily of a fixed
die and a mandrel. The billet is placed in the die and
whilst therein a mandrel is forced through the centre of
it. The die is so shaped that the metal is not forced
through it by the action of the mandrel, but is squirted back
over the mandrel ; thus the mandrel and the tube move in
reverse directions. For the purpose of preventing the
metal from being forced through the die in advance of the
mandrel, a holdingrup or regulating hydraulic stem is
employed to retain the metal in the die whilst it is sub-
mitted to the action of the mandrel. The dies are some-
times made in segments, and two mandrels may be
employed ; various other modifications are described in the
specification and illustrated by drawings. Revolving dies
may be employed and arrangements made for the applica-
tion of a centrifugal force to the mass of metal to be
operated upon.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
71
Robertson's specification No. 1627, 1890, sets forth an
invention which is described as consisting chiefly of a
further development of that described in the previously
named specification (No. 5018, of 1888), the development
consisting "mainly in new and improved means and
apparatus for operating,
and drawing tube
FIG. 78.
mandrels and dies on billets or tube blanks, made soft by
heat, and placed in long tube dies having forming bores or
seats in conjunction with a holding-up stem." The chief
feature of the invention is the use of a sliding die in
combination with a mandrel and holding-up stem, the
mandrel being forced into the billet in one direction, thus
causing, in conjunction with the holding-up stem, the metal
FIG. 79.
to be squirted out in the opposite direction. The object
of the sliding die is to " relieve the mandrel from being
packed or stuck up in the metal, and render it easily
practicable to form a solid billet of metal into a tube, or to
draw out a tube blank in this way." The sliding movement
of the die is effected in several ways, the simplest being][to
72
THE MANUFACTURE OF
allow the die, under its frictional contact with the tube or
metal, to travel with such tube in a direction opposite to
that of the mandrel. This patent is still in force.
The illustrations from figs. 78 to 83 are from Robertson's
specification No. 11436, of 1891. This invention is described
as consisting mainly in new and improved means and
apparatus for fixing and operating the dies, matrices,
mandrels and metal billets during the shaping operation,
and new and improved means and apparatus for expelling
the articles so formed, and also for quickly cooling the
FIG. SO.
matrices, dies, mandrels, or shaping tools by injecting water
or other fluid at a high pressure. The apparatus in its
primary form comprises a die, a piercing mandrel, and a
holding-up stem or ram, such as described in the previous
specification, the billet to be operated upon being interposed
between the mandrel and the holding-up stem. The
holding-up stem itself is not in direct contact with the
billet, a holding-up ferrule being disposed between the
stem and the billet for receiving the mandrel after it is
forced through the billet. A " service plate " is placed over
the billet end of the holding-up stem ; such plate offers
sufficient resistance to the pressure of the metal under the
action of the mandrel to prevent it from flowing into the
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
73
ferrule, but will give way or be shorn through when the
mandrel reaches the end of the billet. In the sectional plan
at fig. 78, A is the die (made in two halves), and B the billet
shown nearly pierced through by the mandrel C. D is the
Fiu. 81.
holding-up ferrule piece and E the service plate. Fig. 79
shows the position of the mandrel after it has been wholly
forced through the billet, with the service plate E shorn
away ; at this position the piercing operation of the
Fin. 82.
mandrel is completed, and its forward motion stopped. The
cooling of the tools and the expulsion of the tube is
effected by admitting water at a high pressure through the
connection F in the after-holding stem G.
74
THE MANUFACTURE OF
In the arrangement indicated at fig. 80 a billet of hot
metal is shown in the die A, and a mandrel C inserted in
same held centrally on the hot metal by the guide G,
all in a state ready for the forcing of the mandrel into the
billet. Fig. 81 illustrates the completion of the stroke of
the mandrel. Figs. 82 and 83 represent another modification.
This patent is still in force.
James Robertson's specification No. 19356, of 1893>
describes an invention which "relates mainly to the drawing
of metal rods, bars, tubes, wires, &c., through dies, in a cold
state, and consists mainly in placing such rods, tubes, or the
like, in a closed vessel or container, and pressing, lubricating,
and propelling them through dies or shaping and drawing
tools, by the direct contact of a liquid in motion and under
a degree of pressure." Various modifications of such im-
proved hydraulic machines are set forth in the specification.
The inventor also states that it is a part of his invention "to
use the propelling liquid at such a degree of pressure above
the resisting strength to crushing action of the metal articles
being operated upon, as to become what I shall term a
hydraulic die suited for compressing, drawing, and treating
metal tubes, tubular and hollow articles, rods, bars, wires,
and plates. Unless in conjunction with steel or very hard
dies, or with mandrels, this hydraulic die has little tendency
to smooth or improve the uniformity of the diameter of the
tube blank operated upon, but has a greater tendency than
an ordinary die to improve the uniformity of thickness
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 7O-
or gauge of a tube subjected to its action circumferen-
tially." "There is not much drawing or pressing effect
obtainable from a hydraulic die unless the propelling or
surrounding liquid is used at about one-half greater pressure
than is required to partially crush the metal it is made to
surround and draw. Take, for example, the most prominent
metal to be dealt with in drawing tubes, which is steel, the
crushing weight of which is, say, 20 tons per square inch,
then one-half more margin of pressure to produce the
requisite compressing, squirting, or drawing effect ; or, say,
30 tons per square inch. This great end pressure in a die of
FIG. 84.
large internal cross area produces more end pressure than
the best ordinary steel dies are usually found to stand against
abrasion and expansion; but take a die of only l^in.
internal diameter, which is equal only to one square inch,
and when placed in a suitable container (as described in the
specification) with the propelling liquid, used at the neces-
sary drawing pressure of 30 tons per square inch, the
propelling effect on end is only SO tons, or just about the
requisite degree of force that this size of ordinary steel
drawing die will stand." This patent is still in force.
The Ehrhardt process of manufacturing weldless steel
tubes has received considerable attention from manufacturers
and others interested in the production of steel tubes, and at
the time of writing (in the year 1897) the public are invited
76
THE MANUFACTURE OF
to subscribe to a company termed the Universal Weldless
Steel Tubes Company (Ehrhardt's Process) Limited, formed
for the purpose of manufacturing in the United Kingdom
weldless steel tubes by the Ehrhardt process with special
machines to be supplied by Ehrhardt. The prospectus
states that the process is for the "manufacture of weldless
tubes for marine and all other water-tube boilers, weldless
FIG. 87.
tubes for steam, gas, and hydraulic pipes, cycle tubes, and
all tubes of a variety of sizes and sections, and other hollow
forged articles." It is also stated that Sir W. Armstrong,
Whit worth, and Co. Limited have purchased the exclusive
right to use Ehrhardt's process in the manufacture of gun
liners, shells and other war materials.
In 1891 Henrich Ehrhardt, of Diisseldorf, Germany, filed
his specification No. 3116, of 1891, for "Improvements in
forging and shaping iron and steel blocks," described as an
FIG. 86.
invention relating to " a new method of simultaneously
punching and shaping iron and steel blocks in red-hot or white
glowing state." The illustrations, figs. 84 to 91 inclusive,
are from the drawings accompanying the specification. " To
produce a hollow cylinder from wrought iron or steel, a
piece of square iron or steel is taken, the cross-section of
which, diagonally measured, corresponds to the diameter of
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 77
the hollow cylinder to be produced. The said piece of
square iron or steel A, when in a red-hot or white glowing
state, is delivered into the matrix B, the inner space of
which also corresponds to the shape of the hollow cylinder to
be produced, and a pointed core bar C is then driven into
the metal by means of a hammer or press, whilst the lid D is-
FIG. 88.
used as a guide for the said core bar. The diameter of the
latter is chosen so that the material forced aside by it is
sufficient to fill the four segment-shaped spaces between the
square sides of the block and the interior surface of the
matrix. The core bar enters the metal without any difficulty,
as the metal whilst being forced away can give way at
its sides, and a hollow cylinder with closed bottom, as.
represented at figs. 86 and 87, is produced."
FIG. 89.
" For manufacturing hollow bodies of somewhat greater
length, two core bars instead of one may be employed, and
they may be pressed into the metal from both sides as
illustrated at fig. 88."
" Blocks of irregular sections may be punched and shaped
in quite the same way, there being, however, the condition
that the piece of metal be centred by the matrix, and that
78 THE MANUFACTURE OF
sufficient space be left for receiving the material pressed
away by said core bar or bars. The latter may be of any
regular or irregular cross-section, for instance, of oval shape,
as shown in figs. 89, 90, and 91."
" For better securing the guiding and contact of the
metal piece, and for farthering the swell of its free surfaces,
those parts of the matrix which are touched by the edges of
the metal piece may be provided with a cooling device."
Thus in figs. 89, 90, and 91 spaces for containing water are
provided as illustrated. This patent is in force.
Ehrdardt's specification No. 7497, of 1892, is for a
"Process and apparatus for the manufacture of tubular
bodies." In the opening clause of this specification the
FIG. 90.
FIG. 91.
inventor states: "In the specification to patent 3116, of
1891, was described a process for the manufacture of hollow
bodies, according to which heated iron or steel bars had a
longitudinal passage formed through them by means of a die
and mandrel." The patentee then states that " according to
one part of the present invention, in order to prevent in the
said process the metal blank operated upon from being com-
pressed longitudinally by the driving in of the mandrel, the
arrangement shown at the figs. 92 to 95 inclusive is
employed." "A is the perforating and pressing mandrel of
circular cross-section ; B is a die with a cylindrical cavity ;
and C the rod or blank to be operated upon, which is of a
square cross-section. D, in figs. 92 and 93, is a preparatory
pressing mandrel, which, as shown at fig. 93, forms a collar
on the end of the heated blank. The preparatory mandrel
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
79
is removed after the formation of such collar, and the blank
then has a hole formed through it by the mandrel A, as
shown at figs. 94 and 95, while at the same time it is pressed
into the die B so as to assume its configuration. During
this operation the collar previously formed prevents any
pressing together in the longitudinal direction of the formed
tube, as in the first instance it takes an abutment on the
upper end of the die, and during the finishing of the
operation it is gradually drawn into the die by the pressure
FIG. 92.
FIG. 93.
of the mandrel, as shown at fig. 95. At the lower end of the
die is a sliding block E, which, in the position shown at figs.
92 and 93 when the preliminary mandrel is operating, serves
as a support to the lower end of the blank. After this
operation the sliding block is pushed forward until a recess
F formed therein is situated under the hole of the die. The
recess F serves to form a nipple on the end of the tubular
body during the finishing operation (as shown at fig. 95),
which nipple is required for the further treatment of the
tubular body."
80
THE MANUFACTURE OF
" As shown in fig. 92 the circular hollow of the die con-
stitutes the circumscribed circle of the rectangular section of
the blank, so that the die brings the blank at once into the
central position when it is inserted. The cross-section of
the mandrel or plunger is made of such a size that the
material of the blank which it displaces when forced in fills
out the spaces left between the rectangular sides of the blank
and the circular wall of the die. On pressing, such an
amount of friction is produced against the walls of the die
that only a slight longitudinal compression is effected even
when the above-described collar is not made to bear against
the die. The friction against the walls of the die can be
increased by roughing it with file cuts or by forming grooves
therein ; but the die would then require to be divided
longitudinally in order to remove the finished article."
FIG. 94.
FIG. 95.
Tubular bodies can also be formed out of bars or blanks of
a circular section ; the process is described and illustrated
in the specification.
" In the foregoing description the production of the hollow
body by the driving in of a mandrel has been described.
Such driving in of the mandrel can, however, be utilised
when using suitable devices therewith for producing a
simultaneous rolling and drawing of the tubular body. Fig.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
81
96 is a sectional plan illustrating the apparatus for carrying
out this extended process. The mandrel G, having the same
cross-section as that of the blank to be operated upon, is
connected to the piston or plunger of a hydraulic press.
The blank H which has been introduced into the die K is
conveyed by the mandrel G to the die L, into which projects
N <-
FIG. 96.
the mandrel M, towards the rollers N N 1 . If, therefore,
after the perforation has commenced in the die L K, the
blank is forced farther forward by the plunger G, it will be
fed over the mandrel M towards the rollers N N 1 , and these
being at the same time rotated by suitable gearing at a
FIG. 97.
quicker surface speed than that of the plunger G, they will
exercise a drawing action on the blank H. The rollers
N N 1 are driven and their speed regulated by spur gearing,
which is rotated by means of toothed racks actuated by the
piston of the hydraulic cylinder. Thus it will be seen that by
a continued pressing and drawing operation the object acted
upon is simultaneously perforated, drawn, and rolled."
Fig. 97 illustrates another construction of apparatus for
producing hollow bodies.
7ST
In this modification the die K 1 is
82
THE MANUFACTURE OF
caused to slide along the tie rods P P 1 , and thus at the com-
pletion of the pressing operation the perforated article will
be situated outside the die. The movement of the die is
produced by the advance of the rods R R 1 , secured to the
crosshead of the piston or plunger rod.
Fio 98.
Fig. 98 is a longitudinal section of an apparatus for
drawing to the required section immediately after the
formation of the hollow body and during the same heat.
The heated iron or steel bar, or blank, is placed in the
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 83
die B, and is there perforated in the described manner. The
bottom of the die is formed by a slide S, which is moved in
the die B by a screw spindle and hand wheel, or by other
suitable means. Below the die are situated, in the same
axM line, draw rings, as D D 1 , D 2 , of gradually decreasing
diameter. The apparatus worka as follows : After the die B
has been closed at the bottom by the screw S, the metal
blank A in the die is perforated as described. When the
mandrel C, which is actuated by a hydraulic cylinder or
other suitable means, has been forced to the required depth
into the material, the pressure on the mandrel is reduced, in
order to enable the slide S to be withdrawn. After such
withdrawal of the slide, the mandrel C is moved downward
together with the tubular body, and passes together with
the latter successively through the drawing rings D D 1 , D 2
until the tubular body has acquired the requisite thickness.
Below the last ring is placed a block E, with a suitable
hollow for imparting to the end of the body, in the event of
this requiring to be closed, the requisite configuration by
compressing the same between the said hollow of the block E
and correspondingly formed end of the mandrel C. This
patent is in force.
Later particulars relating to Robertson and Ehrhardt
processes will be found in Chapter VIII. of this edition.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PIERCING OF SOLID STEEL BILLETS.
THE manufacturer of seamless brass and like tubes has not
to encounter the trouble experienced by the manufacturer of
steel tubes in the initial conversion of a solid into a hollow
body. Working with a metal of which a chief characteristic
is its facility for the production of thoroughly sound castings,
the brass tube manufacturer has but to cast a number of
shells, or short thick tubes or cylinders, and proceed by
rolling and drawing operations to extend them in length
84 THE MANUFACTURE OF
and reduce them in thickness to form tubes of the required
dimensions. The steel tube manufacturer is unable to pro-
duce the shells or hollow blooms which constitute his
embryonic tubes in so ready and convenient a manner.
To obtain weldless steel tubes suitable for use in water
tube or tubulous boilers, in the construction of cycle frames,
and for other services the manufacturer must perforce start
his operations upon a solid billet produced by the subjection
of the original cast ingot to carefully conducted forging or
rolling operations. The formation of the initial bore whereby
the solid billet is converted into a hollow bloom presents
difficulties that have attracted the attention of many
inventors. To drill right through the billet either from end
to end, or from both ends by tools working towards each
other, is a slow and expensive process and involves waste of
metal. But it has been urged, and with considerable reason,
that as there is a generally recognised advantage in removing
a considerable amount of the top or dead head of an ingot or
casting, so also, as, in the words of Mr. Alex. E. Tucker,
F.I.C., of Birmingham, the " chemical defects, cracks, and
segregated impurities tend towards the middle and top of an
ingot, the advantage obtained by drilling out the centre of
the rolled bloom (billet) will be apparent. The result of
drifting, punching, or spinning out a hole instead of drilling
it out of the bloom (billet), in which latter case alone the
core is removed, must be a higher percentage of defectives,
at all events on the inside surfaces, than when such core is
taken out."
In some billet piercing processes, of which the Mannesmann
and Stiefel are well known instances, the billet, by means of
rolls or discs, is rapidly rotated and simultaneously forced on
to and over a mandrel, whereby it is pierced from end to
end, the metal displaced from the centre serving to increase
the length of the resultant bloom, tube use, or shell. The
first, or the 1885 Mannesmann British patent (No. 1,167),
expired at the end of the full 14 years' term in the year
1899, and the 1886 patent (No. 9,939) which is described
as for an improvement on the former patent or patented in-
vention in the year 1900. In the original specification of
the 1886 patent R. and M. Mannesmann stated that their
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 85
process consisted " mainly in working upon the outside of a
solid blank by external rolls or rollers in such a manner that
the blank assumes a tubular shape, either no core or mandrel
being employed in such cases, or else a core or mandrel being
employed for the purpose of smoothing the inside of the pipe
or tube thus formed, reducing the thickness of its sides or
shell and enlarging its internal diameter." In the drawings
accompanying their specification they give illustrations
showing how by their process they could roll an axle so that
it should be hollow throughout the greater part of its length
but solid at the ends and also, if desired, at intermediate
parts. But it was difficult to understand that the process
could be relied upon to produce such axles, and that tubes
could be produced on a useful or commercial scale without
the employment of a piercing mandrel. In 1898, about two
years before the expiration of the aforesaid British patent,
steel tube manufacturers throughout the country were much
interested in the formal application of the proprietors for
leave (which was granted) to amend their specification by
striking out the statement concerning the production of
tubes without the employment of a core or mandrel, and by
abandoning the greater portion of the drawings, including
those of the hollow axles, and deleting the descriptive matter
and claims relating thereto.
Since his well known patent No. 23,702, of 1895, R. C.
Stiefel has filed applications and obtained patents for other
inventions relating to the piercing of solid ingots, billets or
blanks. The adjoining illustration, fig. 99, is from his
specification No. 30,449, of 1897, setting forth an invention
of which the object is stated as the piercing of solid blanks
or billets longitudinally " by passing them endwise between
rolling surfaces and over the point of a mandrel lying in the
pass between them, the rolling surfaces compressing and
slightly reducing the diameter of the blanks without twisting
or disturbing the longitudinal arrangement of their fibres
and without there being any slip between the rolling surfaces
and those portions of the blanks with which they come into
contact."
The conical rolls A and B rotate in the same direction as
indicated by the arrows thereon ; their axes and the lines of
86
THE MANUFACTURE OF
their working sides all converge towards and intersect a,
common point C on the axial line of the pass. The rolls
in the example shown by fig. 99 impart only a rotary
motion to the billet D, the endwise movement, whereby
the billet is forced on to and over the piercing mandrel,
is imparted by a hydraulic ram E or by other means.
The patentee says : " If the rolls were cylindrical or
of uniform diameter they would of necessity impart a
higher speed of rotation to that portion of the billet within
their rip which has the smaller diameter, than to the
portion having the larger diameter ; and this would result in
a twisting of the billet. With my conical rolls arranged as
Fio. 99.
shown, there is absolutely no twist imparted by the rolls to
the billet, and no slip between the contracting surfaces of
the rolls and the billet, for while the converging sides of the
pass cause a gradual diminishing of the diameter of the
billet it will be observed that the diameters of the rolls
diminish progressively in the same ratio as the diameters of
the billet decrease, the larger diameter of the billet being
gripped by large diameters of the rolls, whilst the smaller
diameters of the billet are gripped by proportionately smaller
diameters of the rolls, so that an absolutely uniform speed
of rotation is imparted to every portion of the billet within
the grip of the rolls. This I regard as a most important
feature of my invention, and it is the result of causing the
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
87
axes of both rolls and the lines of their working surfaces to
converge to a common point on the axial line of the pass.
So far as I am aware, this has never been done before, and I
know of no device with rolls having a tapering or converging
pass between them in which there is not some twist imparted
to the billet, or some slip between the billet and the working-
faces of the rolls or both."
In the example shown at fig. 100 "the rolls are oppositely
inclined relatively to the axis of the pass, so that the rolls
themselves will cause th.3 endwise movement of the billet
FIG. 100.
without the aid of a hydraulic ram or other mechanical
appliance to force the billet through the pass and over the
head of the mandrel."
In Stiefel's specification, No. 611, of 1898, discs are
employed instead of the rolls described in the aforesaid
specification of 1897.
Concurrently with the 1897 specification of Stiefel, a
specification of another inventor (J, A. Charnock) was
passing through the British Patent Office. Charnock's
application was filed before that of Stiefel, and is numbered
14001 of the year 1897. Fig. 101 is from one of the illustra-
tions accompanying Charnock's specification, the opening
clause of which is as follows : " This invention relates to
apparatus for rolling tubes of the kind described in the
specification of letters patent granted to Ralph Charles
88
THE MANUFACTURE OF
Stiefel, No. 23702, of 1895, and has for its object to roll or
draw out metallic ingots or blanks in a heated state without
subjecting the metal to torsional strain or materially
disturbing the longitudinal arrangement of the fibres. The
mechanism comprises a pair of rolls or a roll and a disc
working in conjunction with a mandrel located in the pass
between the rolls or between the disc and the roll."
Fro. 101.
The rolls A and B, which are driven in the direction
indicated by the arrows, each have two peripheral working
surfaces, a a! and 6 6' respectively, in the form of frustra of
cones. " In the case of the roll B the two frustra forming
the working surfaces b b' have a common base, and the
apices of the cones would lie one on each side of the roll.
In the roll A, however, the smaller diameter of the frustrum
formed by the working surface a constitutes the larger
diameter of the other frustrum formed by the working
surface a', that is to say, the apices of both cones would lie
IEON AND STEEL TUBES.
89
on one side of the roll." The motion of the billet C is both
rotary and longitudinal, since the rolls A and B resolve in
the same direction and have their axes set at such angles to
the axis of the pass that the billet is fed forward by the rolls,
which grip it firmly owing to the tapering of the pass. " The
length of the surfaces a' and b' is preferably equal to, or
slightly greater than, the length of the conical portion of the
mandrel D, and these surfaces are so shaped relatively to
FIG. 102.
this part that they continue to act upon the billet C after it
has been pierced, thus smoothing or finishing the tube before
it leaves the pass." When it is "not absolutely necessary
to finish the tube after it has been pierced by the mandrel, a
comparatively rough tube being sufficient," each roll may
have but one working surface. Fig. 102 is an example of such
a modification.
The mandrel may be positively rotated or left free to be
rotated by the tube passing over it.
90 THE MANUFACTURE OF
Another arrangement, comprising a bevelled edge disc,
working in conjunction with conical rolls for piercing solid
billets without distorting the fibre of the metal, is set forth
in the specification No. 8148 of 1898, of J. C. Sturgeon, of
Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The patent is now void.
For the same object another American inventor, L. D.
Davis, also of Erie, Pa., describes in his specification, No.
12828, of 1899, an arrangement of a pair of discs with the
piercing mandrel between them, the axes of the discs
being respectively above and below the line of travel of the
ingot.
In his specification No. 9144, of 1898, W. Pilkington, of
Birmingham, describes the piercing of solid steel or other
billets by the application of an explosive force behind a
piston directly connected with the piercing mandrel. The
patent is now void.
The specification No. 14562, of 1897 (T. B. Sharp and F.
Billing, of Birmingham), describes the piercing of billets
"by a series of pressures, blows, or impacts." The hot
billet is placed in a cylinder, and is therein subjected to the
action of a piercing bar or mandrel, to which a reciprocatory
movement is imparted through the medium of an eccentric,
or a system of toggle joints. The patent is now void.
One of the best known patents of the late James Kobert-
sori, relating to the piercing of solid-steel billets, is No.
11436, of 1891. A leading feature in the specification of
this patent is what is described as a "service plate," which
is placed over the mouth of the holding-up stem, or the
ferrule, in advance of such stem. As the mandrel is forced
by hydraulic pressure into the billet the metal flows back
over the mandrel, and so forms the tube. The service plate,
during the greater part of the piercing operation, is
required to prevent the metal from flowing into the ferrule
or holding-up stem, but towards the completion of the
operation it is shorn through by the advancing mandrel.
The patent is now owned by Messrs. Tubes Limited, of
Birmingham, who brought an action against another firm of
steel tube makers for infringement of the patent by using a
'* service plate" as and for the purpose above described.
The litigation extended over several years. At the trial the
IKON AND STEEL TUBES. 91
patent was held to be valid, and judgment given in favour of
the plaintiffs. On appeal by the defendants this decision was
reversed, but on a final appeal to the House of Lords by the
plaintiffs the original judgment in favour of the patent was
restored on November 20th, 1902.
The formation of tubes or tubular bodies by causing the
metal to flow back over the advancing mandrel or punch is
also to be found in the specifications No. 15594, of 1899, and
21052, and 21053, of 1900, of S. Frank,' of Frankfort-on-the-
Main, Germany; and in the specification No. 1064, of 1896,
of R. Bungeroth, of Remscheid, Germany. In the last-named
specification (the patent granted on which is in force), we find
instead of a " service plate," such as patented by Robertson,
that a bar is held up against the end of the billet until the
nose of the piercing mandrel is near such end ; the bar is
then allowed to yield, so that the end piece of the billet may
be punched out.
It is found, as might be anticipated, that the metal at the
end of a billet subjected to the action of a bar or mandrel,
which pierces right through such end, is more liable to-
defects than at any other part. The tendency of defects and
impurities in the metal to tend towards the middle of an
ingot or billet has been previously referred to, and it can be
well understood that the advance of a bar or mandrel
through a hot billet would have the effect of driving such
impurities in advance of it, so that although some of them
would flow back over the mandrel with what may be termed
the main stream of the metal, there would be an accumula-
tion at the .rear end of the billet. It is found to be more
economical in many cases to treat such end piece of the core
or central part of the billet as waste than to include it in
the bloom.
When the metal is to be subjected to considerable extend-
ing processes by subsequent rolling and cold drawing, great
care is necessary that defects shall be avoided which, in the
bloom itself appear (if indeed they appear at all) to be of
little if any consequence. A minute fissure, resulting from
a tiny bubble in the molten metal or from some other cause,
and presenting itself merely as a short hair line on the surface
of the bloom or pierced billet, may split a considerable length
92
THE MANUFACTURE OF
of tubing during cold drawing. Such "rokes" (as tube
makers term them), are particularly productive of "scrap" in
drawing small gauge tubing, such as is employed in cycle
construction.
The illustrations, figs. 103 and 104, are from the specifica-
tion No. 10878, of 1901, of G. Evans and Tubes Limited, of
FIG. 103.
Birmingham, covering "a process of piercing solid steel or
other billets for the manufacture of tubes, ordnance shells,
and other like hollow bodies, in which, whilst the outer part
F.o. 104.
of the billet is prevented from movement, its core or inner
part is displaced and utilised to form an extension on one
end of the billet."
Fig. 103 illustrates the apparatus employed in accordance
with the aforesaid invention for the piercing of a shell from
IKON AND STEEL TUBES. 93.
a solid billet. The billet A is completely inserted " in a
fixed or moveable die or holder as B, mounted upon a
suitable machine, which imparts the required motion to the
said die, or to the piercing bar C, or to both die and bar as
may be required." To prevent endwise movement of the
billet, as a whole, the die is tapered beyond the inner end of
the billet, as shown in the drawing, so that it shall form
"an annular abutment, with a decreasing space beyond."
" Thus, when the billet A is forced or drawn against the
piercing bar or mandrel, or the latter is forced into the
former, no movement either in a forward or backward direc-
tion is imparted to the billet as a whole, relatively to its
die or holder B, but the core of the metal is forced under
the action of the piercing bar into the tapered die space
hereinbefore referred to. If, therefore, the solid billet A is,
say, 6 in. diameter by 9 in. long, it will after being pierced
by a bar or mandrel described have a total
length of about 12jin., made up of the original 9 in.
parallel, part 6 in. diameter, together with the taper part
formed by the metal pushed or drawn out from the centre of
the billet into the supplementary reducing die space.
There is no movement of the skin or surface of the billet
over the surface of the die during our piercing process.
The metal is simply forced from the centre of the billet, and
entirely disposed in the taper die extension beyond the
original inner end of the billet."
" In the piercing of billets for the manufacture of shells
the piercing bar is not forced through the inner end of the
metal, but a solid portion is left of the required thickness
at the nose or extremity of the tapered part, forced out
from the centre of the billet. The said solid portion of
metal is consolidated by its abutment against a loose end or
closing piece, such as the ram head D, arranged at the
narrow extremity of the tapered die part. By means of the
ram E, at the rear of the said closing piece or head D, which
is operated in any convenient manner, the shell can be
forced out from the die at the conclusion of the piercing
process."
"But in the piercing of billets for the manufacture of
tubes the piercing action is continued until the forward end
D4 THE MANUFACTUKE OF
of the bnr or mandrel has passed right through the billot,
which is thus entirely converted into a tubular form (as
shown at h'g. 104) without any waste of metal. In this case
a hollow sleeve or bush, as F, is disposed between the end of
the tapered die space and the ram bond D to receive the
piercing bar or mandrel 0."
The Ehrhardt process for the formation of hollow blooms
from solid stoel billets appears to bo much more extensively
applied in Germany than in this country. We have probably
not yet heard the last word concerning the purchase by the
British Government, from a German firm, of a number of
field guns made under the Ehrhardt system, though much
has been said and written on the subject by all sorts and
conditions of men. There has boon plenty of noise if little
knowledge.
Under the Ehrhardt process a hot billet of a square or
angular section is placed completely within a matrix or die
of the section of the hollow bloom to be produced ; the
angular edges of the billet may touch the sides of the die
when placed therein, but sufficient space must be provided
between the sides of the billet and the die to permit of the
lateral displacement of the metal during piercing. With the
inner end of the billet supported by the adjacent end of the
die, against which it abuts, a piercing bar or mandrel is then
forced into the centre of the metal ; the displacing action
causes the sides of the billet to swell out to the sides of the
die.
The illustration at fig. 105 is from the specification No.
30358, of 1897, of E. L. Cooper, for "Improvements in ingot
piercing methods and appliances." The patent on the
specification became void in the year 1901. The invention
is described as relating to ** improved methods of and means
for piercing copper and steel ingots while hot, and has for
its object the piercing of such ingots without the use of dies
for enclosing the ingots during the operation. SSuch dies
restrict the lateral expansion ot the ingots during piercing,
and therefore increase the force required for the piercing
operation, as the dies cause the expansion to take place
longitudinally. Besides this, the dies force the scale on the
outside of the ingot into its surface, thus producing sears,
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
95
which are very objectionable, more especially when the
ingots are to be subsequently drawn into thin tubes."
The ingot A, to be pierced, is supported on a table B,
having an aperture C in it to receive the head of the
mandrel D on the completion of the piercing, The ingot or
billet is held central by a recess in the underside of the
crosshead E. A mandrel guiding bush F is placed in the
head E as illustrated. The crosshead tie bolts, G are " so
fixed to the table that they can be easily and rapidly raised
96
THE MANUFACTURE OF
and lowered for the extraction of the pierced ingot, and the
insertion of a fresh blank ingot." To "assist true centering
of the piercing mandrel" a hole may be " drilled about one
inch deep " in the upper end of the billet.
It would doubtless be extremely advantageous if lateral
support for the billet could be dispensed with in such
piercing operations ; but with a steel billet in the white hot
or glowing condition to which it must be heated, if the
FIGS. 1C6, 107, and 108.
piercing is to be accomplished with a reasonable expenditure
of power, it appears necessary in practice to provide lateral
support during the piercing.
In a later specification by the same inventor (E. L.
Cooper), No. 15772, of 1899, the billet is supported by a die
fixed in advance of the piercing mandrel, whilst the lateral
displacement of the metal is arranged to occur in the bell
mouth of the said die. Figs. 106, 107, and 108 are from the
drawings accompanying the specification, on which no patent
was granted. The ingot A is placed in the matrix or die
B, into the one end of which is placed a hollow sleeve C,
attached to a hydraulic ram D. At the other end of the
matrix or die B is shown a mandrel E, on a stem rod F, at
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 97
the outer end of which is a crosshead G to support F
during the time of piercing.
The method of operation is as follows :
The ram D is raised, allowing room for ingot A and sleeve
C to be put into the position as shown at fig. 106. Force is
then applied on ram D by hydraulic power in the direction
of arrow a, forcing C on to the back of ingot A, which is,
in turn, forced forward and over mandrel E.
Fig. 106 shows the position ready for piercing; fig. 107
represents the ingot partially pierced and expanded ; and
fig. 108 the completion of the piercing.
CHAPTER IX.
THE EXTENSION OF HOLLOW STEEL BLOOMS BY HOT
ROLLING AND DRAWING.
WHILST comparatively small hollow blooms, not exceeding
about 3 in. in external diameter, and such as are generally
employed for the manufacture of cycle tubes, can be extended
in length and correspondingly reduced in thickness by
rolling, in a hot state, over plug mandrels with a train of
ordinary or continuous rolls, it is found advantageous with
blooms of larger size, or where the metal is to be much reduced
in thickness, to employ the type known as gapped, back-
action, pilger, or step-by-step rolls.
Gapped or back-action rolls have been known and employed
for many years for various forging operations. The
specification No. 3371 of 1891 (Max Mannesmann) describes
and claims a process of forming or rolling tubes upon a
mandrel by gapped rolls which are characterised as having
"grooves in part concentric and in part eccentric or
tapering." Originally the specification claimed much more
than this, but it was limited to the characteristic indicated
above by an amendment effected at the end of the year 1898.
The method of operation of all back-action rolls is very
tersely described in the original claim 1 of the aforesaid
specification of Mannesmann, which reads as follows :
SST
98 THE MANUFACTURE OF
" The process of forming or rolling tubes and other hollow
bodies upon a mandrel, wherein the metal object, during its
passage through the rolls, has a step-by-step forward, with
intermediate retrograde, motion imparted to it in such
manner that it is operated upon successively on a limited
portion of its length, such point of operation being made to
advance in a longitudinal direction along the object."
" By this means " to quote from the body of the
specification " the tube is not worked upon consecutively
along its entire length, but only bit by bit, so that the point
of operation progresses, as it were, from one end of the tube
to the other. Thus, whereas in the ordinary process of
drawing a tube, this is each time moved entirely through a
die, the size of the tube being reduced by passing it
consecutively through several drawing dies of decreasing size,
according to the present invention the tube receives its final
shape by being passed a single time through the rolls,
between which it remains the whole time, performing a series
of comparatively short longitudinal movements. If the end
of the tube where the working commences be designated as
the front end, and the opposite end as the rear end, while
the movement of the tube from the rear towards the front
end be called the forward motion, and the reverse movement
the backward motion, then the working of the tube takes
place during the backward motion, or a portion thereof. In
some cases it is necessary after each action of the rolls to
effect a partial rotation of the tube round its longitudinal
axis, in order that the rolls may operate upon a different
part of the tube." " The rolls serving to carry out this
operation may either receive a continuous rotary motion in
the same direction or they may have a to-and-fro recipro-
cating motion. The rolls have in part concentric and in part
eccentric or tapering grooves."
Figs. 109, 110, and 111 are from the drawings accom-
panying the specification, the description relating thereto
being as follows :
" The rolls attack the tube during the backward motion.
Fig. 109 shows by way of example the termination of such
an attack where the concentric part of the calibre is already
in action. The rolls A and B revolve in the direction of the
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
99
arrows 1 and 2. When the gaps a of the rolls face each
other, as at fig. 110, the tube, together with the mandrel, can
be again freely moved forward in the direction of the arrow 3,
so that a further portion of the tube is presented to the
renewed attack of the rolls. The forward motion will be
greater than the backward motion, so that the step-by-step
forward and intermediate retrograde motion shown in fig. Ill
will take place. When the rolls attack the tube during the
backward motion, as at fig. Ill, the rolling operation will take
place from the thicker end of the tube towards the thinner
end, as will be readily seen. The calibre of the rolls will of
course depend upon the desired section of the tube to be
obtained."
The specification No. 6283 of 1894, of B. Price, describes
an " apparatus for making tubes from hollow ingots," on the
step-by-step method, "in which the operating swages or
Y
FIG. 109.
FIG. 110.
rolls are given a reciprocating movement in the direction of
the length of the ingot, and at the same time are caused to
approach one another on each side of the ingot." A later
specification (No. 13985 of 1900), in the names of Lay-
bourne, Marsh, and Price), describes certain improvements
relating to the aforesaid apparatus, comprising means for
feeding the work between the rolls or swages, and for the
removal of the elongated tube from the mandrel.
100
THE MANUFACTURE OF
In the specification No. 14416 of 1900 (0. Heer, of
Diisseldorf), the housings of gapped rolls are swung on a
horizontal axis, " thus reducing shock when work is
inserted."
In ordinary machines employed for feeding the work
through gapped or back-action rolls, the feeding action
cannot be continued until the complete length has been
operated upon, for fear of seizure by the rolls of the forward
end of the push bar of the feeding machine. It has been
a usual, practice, to avoid such an accident, not to attempt
to feed the hollow bloom right through the rolls, but to
leave a w r aste or unrolled piece on the rear end of it. In
addition to waste of metal, this involves a subsequent
operation for the cutting off or removal of the said thick
end. To overcome the difficulty the use of a hot waste
e 1
FIG. 112.
block between the rear end of the bloom and the nose of the
push bar has been suggested, but this necessitates the use
of a freshly-heated block with each bloom, so that it shall be
soft enough to yield readily when the working parts of the
rolls press upon it.
A more satisfactory solution of the difficulty is shown at
fig. 112, illustrating the feeding machine described in the
specification No. 12203 of 1900 (A. E. Beck). This machine
appears to be provided with a conically nosed socket piece
at the forward end of the push bar, such as is described
in the specification No. 5425 of 1900 (H. Perrins). Referring
to fig. 112, A represents the hollow bloom or piece of
work, B the mandrel detachably screwed into the forward
end of the push bar C, beyond which projects the conically
nosed socket C', D the wheeled carriage (advanced by rack
and pinion device) supporting the push bar, and E E' the
IRON AND" STEEL' J TtJBES. 101
gap rolls with work stops e at the rear side. The following
extract from the specification describes the manner of feeding
the rear end of the work through the rolls :
" When the bloom or tube vise A has been nearly passed
through the rolls E E', it is ordinarily necessary to disengage
the mandrel B from the push bar C, and then either to
complete the feeding through the rolls by hand or leave an
uuworked piece of metal at the end of the bloom, which has
subsequently to be removed. Bat by my present invention
the mandrel B, when the tube has been nearly passed right
through the rolls, has an advancing and releasing motion
imparted to it relatively to the push bar in which it is
supported, or the bar is caused to retreat from the mandrel,
to enable the rolls to bite and operate upon the metal
right up to the rear extremity of the bloom, and thus to
permit of the automatic feeding of the said bloom and its
freed mandrel completely through the rolls. In one method
of effecting the automatic relative movement between the
push bar C and the mandrel B, I form a quick screw thread
or threads around the fore part of C (the direction of spiral
being opposite to that of the slow pitch screw thread at the
rear end of the bar), and pass the same through a nut F
having ratchet teeth formed around its perimeter. Normally
the said nut is free to rotate in either direction within the
box F' as the screwed push bar passes through it, but after
the hollow bloom or tube shell A has been nearly passed
right through the rolls, the nut F is locked or prevented
from rotation by a pawl lever which is then thrown into
engagement with the ratchet teeth of the nut by means of
any suitable lever device, as H. When the nut is thus
locked, or prevented from rotation in the one direction, the
push bar C on each return stroke (or movement in the
direction indicated by the arrow 3) will have such a rotary
movement imparted to it, whilst the tube and its mandrel
are gripped tightly between the rolls, as to cause it to
unscrew and retreat from the mandrel B. In this manner
the socket-like projection C' (which is in rigid attachment
with the bar C), or other nose of the bar, is carried back at
each stroke a sufficient distance to clear the rolls and enable
the same to bite and operate upon the rear end of the metal
102
THE MANUFACTURE OF
forming the tube bloom, and thus the entire bloom is
automatically passed by the continuous action of the
feeding machine right through the rolls as a finished
tube."
The slow pitch screw thread at the rear end of the bar,
referred to above, is for the automatic rotation of the work
during its return to the rolls under the action of the spring
K, to bring the entire circumferential surface of the tube
under the action of the rolls.
Fia. 113.
The tube rolling machine, as illustrated at fig. 1 1 3, is from
H. Ehrhardt's specification No. 12747 of 1899. Freely
rotatable rollers, as A, are mounted on the discs B rotated,
as indicated by the arrows, in a contrary direction to the
movement of the work which is fed or drawn through the
machine. " The rollers roll and press on the work, the
latter being thereby drawn out and forced to assume the
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
103
required profile or shape. It is, however, immaterial in
which direction the work moves ; it may advance in or
against the movement of the rollers ; the rollers may also
differ from each other as regards dimensions or diameters of
their projecting or recessed parts, forming increasing or
decreasing profiles for the purpose of effecting a more
energetic rolling or shaping of the work." The device is
described as permitting "a periodical rolling or drawing out
while the work steadily advances."
Shortly after the above-named specification of Ehrhardt,
there was filed on behalf of R. H. Keithley, of New York,
the specification No. 17473 of 1899 (from which fig. 114 is
FIG. 114.
taken), describing another arrangement in which rolls are
caused to rotate in opposition to the advancing movement
of the tube. The invention is described as having for its
object the provision of " an improved method and apparatus
for the economic manufacture of seamless tubing of superior
density and toughness."
The following is from the body of the specification :
"In the manufacture of seamless tubing prior to the present
invention, two operations have heretofore been found
absolutely essential. The first operation or process is what
is known as the hot process. At the present time, the hot
process of rolling tubing is carried out by a variety of
104 THE MANUFACTURE OF
machines. In the first class of machines for performing the
hot process, a heated billet or blank is mounted or secured
upon a mandrel, and is reduced in diameter by ordinary
straight-line rolling machines of a similar construction to
those employed for rolling rods. In other cases power has
been applied to force the mandrel and blank through rolls
which are idle or free to turn. In recent years, the
apparatus employed in the hot process of tube rolling has
been modified or improved in a variety of ways, as, for
example, by the substitution of inclined discs for the
straight-line rolling mills previously employed. These discs
have been set at an angle with respect to the path of the
mandrel so as to produce a spiral action, as it were, upon
the billet or blank, and various other changes have been
made upon specific sets of apparatus employed that is to
say, the advances or improvements in the manufacture
of seamless tubing have in recent years been designed
with a view of discarding the old type of direct, straight-line
rolling mills, and have been produced with a view of
perfecting the more complicated types of the variously
modified disc rolling machines. With none of the prior
methods of hot rolling, either practised with the ordinary
straight-line rolling mills or with the later disc rolling mills,
has it been possible, however, to produce a finished tubing
by the hot process alone. All these prior hot-rolling
processes affect only the outer layers or surface of the tubing
being produced, and the inner layers of the hot rolled tubes
have not heretofore been compacted to the same degree as
the outer layers or surface thereof, and in order to produce a
finished tubing, it has heretofore been absolutely essential to
use an additional or second finishing process. This second
finishing is commonly known as the cold process, and it
ordinarily consists in drawing the unfinished tubing made
by a hot process through a stationary die or dies. This
second finishing or cold process will compact and harden the
outer layers of the tubing, and will produce tubing sub-
stantially uniform in diameter ; but even after the application
of the second finishing or cold process, the inner layers of
tubing thus produced will be left comparatively soft or of com-
paratively light density.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
105
The present invention has been designed \vith a special
view of producing finished tubing by a single hot process,
thereby eliminating from the manufacture of tubing of this
class one set of apparatus, and the entire second finishing or
cold process which is now necessarily employed. To
accomplish this result, this inventon has returned to the old
form of straight-line rolling mill, and the desired result is
accomplished by using the rolls of this old apparatus, so that,
instead of allowing said rolls to act in the ordinary manner,
they are turned in opposition to the advancing movement of
the ingot. This will cause the rolls to act upon the metal
of the blank with a novel heavy roll-drawing action, which
FIG. 115.
will produce a stretching, straightening, and compacting of
the fibres under pressure ; that is to say, the metal will be
supported on the mandrel as upon an anvil, and will be
caused to flow thereon, as it were, so that the entire mass or
body of metal will be uniformly compacted and made homo-
genous throughout its thickness, atirl, by this improvement in
the art, this invention may produce by a single process
finished tubing which it has heretofore been impossible to
produce without the addition of the second finishing or cold
process."
The rolls A are positively rotated in the directions
indicated by the arrows thereon, which is in opposition to
106
THE MANUFACTURE OF
the advancing movement of the mandrel B, " which may be
reciprocated and simultaneously revolved, if desired, by any
ordinary means," such as a hydraulic cylinder.
Fig. 115 is an elevation and fig. 116 a sectional plan
representing a type of machine for stretching or elongating
hollow steel blooms, described and illustrated in the specifica-
tion" No. 3788 of 1900, of G. Beesly. The hollow billet A is
operated upon at the pass formed between the adjacent sides.
Fio. lie.
of the discs B B' arranged at right angles to each other.
" Both discs are positively driven, and the centre of the one
is arranged above the centre of the other, as illustrated.
The action of such discs is, therefore, to set up a rotation of
the billet A, and at the same time to give it a progressive or
forward motion. The directions of the various movements
are indicated by the arrows." The mandrel is held in ten-
sion in the pass, as illustrated, whilst the bloom is guided or
kept in its proper path by guides b b'.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
TAPER TUBULAR STEEL POLES.
10?
Tubular poles, such as are employed for the support of
the overhead conductors or wires for electric tramways, can
be made without great difficulty in a tapered form if welded
tube of wrought iron or mild steel is employed. But weld-
less steel tube manufacturers generally prefer to make such
poles from two or more lengths of differing diameters
socketed together, finding this to be more convenient than,
to produce one long and continuously tapering length.
FIG. 11'
FIG. 118.
Figs. 117 and 118 illustrate the means set forth in the-
specification No. 2666 of 1899, of H. J. Waddie, for
" drawing and rolling tubes to a regular or irregular taper
or to a varying transverse section at different parts of their
length." " For this purpose," the patentee proceeds, " I
employ as a die a pair of rollers geared together so as to
revolve at equal surface speed in opposite directions, each
having a circumferential groove shaped to half the trans-
verse section of the tube, that section varying at different
108 THE MANUFACTURE OF
parts of the circumference, it may be, in the same order and
proportions as the desired variations of the tube. While the
rollers revolve the tube to be operated on, preferably heated,
is drawn through between them at any desired speed, the
variations of section being thus made over lengths of the
tube proportional to the speed at which it is made to travel
relatively to the surface speed of the rollers. If the rollers
remain at rest while the tube is drawn, the section of the
tube will be uniform."
Figs. 117 and 118 are transverse sections of the pair of
rollers which constitute the varying die, showing diagram-
matically the positions of the rollers relatively to a taper-
drawn tube at the beginning and the end of the draw
respectively.
CHAPTER X.
COLD DRAWING.
THE reduction of the thickness and corresponding exten-
sion in length of seamless tubing, by drawing such tubing
in a cold state through fixed dies, has been continuously
carried on in the Birmingham brass and other metal tube
trades for nearly eighty years. The same process is employed
in the final reduction of steel tubes for use in the construc-
tion of cycle frames and for other purposes. Seamless steel
tubes for use in water- tube or tubulous boilers are also
subjected to a cold drawing. The well-known "draw bench"
of the endless chain type is the machine most generally
employed for cold drawiug, though for heavy work or tubes
of large diameter hydraulic machines are adopted.
Fig. 119 is from the specification entitled "Improvements
in Draw Benches" (15419 of 1899) of G. A. Muntz and
A. J. Astbury. The stated object of the invention "is to
automatically effect the return motion or traverse of the
draw-bench dog-wagon or carriage after it has made its
advance motion or traverse, and after the tube or article has
been released from the die and the wagon from the drawing
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 109^
power." Such return of the dog-wagon is usually effected
by " an attendant," who, in most cases, is a small boy whose
activity in the accomplishment of his task makes it appear
that the motive power proceeds from the wagon itself, for
the boy generally manages, by a dexterous initial kick off, to
make the wagon carry him back along with itself to the die
end of the bench.
The invention referred to, and illustrated at fig. 119, is
briefly described in the following extract from the specifi-
cation: "At the rear, and below the level of the bed of
FIG. 119.
draw bench, we arrange a cross shaft carrying a pulley and
working freely in its bearings. To the rear end of the dog-
wagon or carriage one end of a rope or chain is attached,
the other end of the said rope or chain being attached to the
pulley described on the cross shaft, a guide pulley guiding
the said rope or chain to and from the said pulley. As the
dog-wagon or carriage makes its forward traversing motion
on the bed of the draw bench, the rope or chain described is
unwound from the pulley. As the dog-wagon or carriage
makes its back or return motion, the rope or chain is auto-
110
THE MANUFACTURE OF
matically wound upon the pulley in the following manner :
On one end of the cross shaft carrying the pulley a small
drum is affixed, on which a weighted cord or chain is coiled
or uncoiled. As the dog-wagon or carriage makes its for-
ward traverse, the said weighted rope or chain is coiled upon
the drum and the weight is raised, the dog-wagon rope or
chain being at the same time unwound from its pulley. On
the release of the dog-wagon from the drawing power the
weight descends, and the weighted rope or chain is unwound
from its drum, giving rotation to its shaft and to the pulley
FIG. 120.
Fio. 121.
upon it, and effecting the winding of the dog-wagon rope or
chain upon the said pulley, and thus automatically giving
the return or back traverse to the dog-wagon or carriage."
In cold drawing, the tube naturally becomes very tightly
closed upon the bar or mandrel as it passes with it through
the reducing die. The subsequent release of the combined
parts is generally effected by "reeling" or rolling, whereby
the tube is sufficiently loosened to permit of the ready with-
drawal of the mandrel; such withdrawal is frequently accom-
plished by connecting the mandrel to a draw-bench chain
whilst the tube is held back by a stripper or thrust plate,
ring, or fork piece.
Figa. 120, 121, and 122 are from the specification No.
28699 of 1897, of Ellwood Ivins, of Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.,
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. Ill
whereby the "reeling" or loosening of the tube upon the
mandrel is effected simultaneously with the drawing. The
patentee states that he combines "with the draw head of
the machine means for so acting upon the tube immediately
after it issues from the draw plate, that by the time the
drawing operation is completed the drawn tube will be ex-
panded throughout its entire length, and the core or mandrel
can be removed therefrom. Fig. 120 is a diagrammatic view
of sufficient of a draw bench to explain the invention, the
drawing of the tube being illustrated in progress. Fig. 121
is a similar view showing the tube being removed from the
mandrel." Fig. 122 is an end view showing the arrangement
of the rollers for " reeling " or loosening the tube. The
patentee describes his preferred means for effecting the
"expansion of the tube" as "a series of rollers so disposed
that they will bear upon the tube at four points, which,
viewed transversely, are equidistant (see fig. 122), and will
compress the said tube at those points sufficiently to cause
it to bulge or spread between the points of contact, whereby
the hold of the tube upon the core or mandrel is so reduced
that the said core or mandrel can, after the passage of the
tube through the rollers, be readily withdrawn by power
suitably applied to the end of the mandrel opposite that to
which power was applied in drawing the tube. In order to
effect the ready withdrawal of the mandrel I use a supple-
mentary draft chain B in front of the draw head, and
travelling in a direction the reverse of that of the chain A.
When the tube and its mandrel have been drawn through
the die plate C and rollers, a stripper plate D is applied to
the draw head, as shown in fig. 122, and the rear end of the
core is passed through the opening in the said plate, and
connected by any suitable means to the rearwardly travelling
draft chain B, the stripper plate being such as to act as a
stop for the tube, so that the mandrel will be withdrawn
from the same, and, when so withdrawn, will occupy a
position in front of the draw head, where a new tube can be
applied to it. By this means any handling of the drawn tube,
with its enclosed mandrel, is rendered unnecessary, since
there is no need to carry the tube from the rear of the draw
head to the front thereof, or to turn the tube and its
112 THE MANUFACTURE OF
enclosed mandrel end for end in order to permit of the with-
drawal of the mandrel, and therefore the whole operation
can be very cheaply and expeditiously performed."
To facilitate the cold drawing of weldless steel tubes the
specification JN T o. 10539 of 1897 (A. C. Wright) describes
the use of a coating of tin as a lubricant. The following
description is from the specification :
" In the ordinary process of drawing tubes or tube blanks
the surface of the tube and that of the dies or other tools
are freely lubricated with oil or grease or like unctuous
substances, and such drawing down process necessitates a
great expenditure of mechanical energy. After the tube
has been drawn or reduced to the required dimensions, it is
necessary to thoroughly remove the whole of the grease in
the event of the tube surfaces requiring to be plated or
japanned, as otherwise such operations cannot be efficiently
performed."
" In drawing tubes or tube blanks in accordance with my
invention, 1 prevent the actual contact of the surfaces of the
steel or other tube to be drawn with the surfaces of the dies
or other tools, by an interposing film of soft metal or anti-
friction metal ; such metal by gliding through the die along
with the tube acts as an efficient lubricant exactly in the
place required, and is not pushed off the tube at the die
mouth as with ordinary lubricants. The metal which I pre-
ferably employ consists of a mixture of tin and lead, in the
proportion of six parts tin to four parts lead. Such a mix-
ture, in addition to being cheaper than pure tin, gives a
better coating upon the tube. The anti-friction metal can
be applied either by immersion of the tube or tube blank in
a bath of the molten metal before submitting it to the
drawing process, or in other convenient manner. By thus
employing an interposing film of anti-friction metal between
the surfaces of the tube or blank and the dies or mandrels,
or operating tools or appliances, I am enabled to dispense
entirely with the use of oil, grease, or like unctuous sub-
stances, to effect a great saving in the wear of the dies and
mandrels, and to very materially reduce the expenditure of
mechanical energy and the time required for the drawing or
reducing process. My treatment also permits of the employ-
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 113
ment of a cheaper steel for the production of weldless steel
tubes for cycles and other constructional purposes, the tube
produced therefrom being quite equal in quality to the tubes
produced in the ordinary manner from Swedish steel. I am
also enabled to draw tubes of hard white metal and other
alloys, such as cannot be otherwise drawn, and to facilitate
the drawing of copper, brass, and the like tubes."
" In the drawing of weldless steel tubes I do not remove
the tube from its mandrel until it has been finished to the
required size, passing it several times through dies without
annealing and pickling between the passes, but, after each
pass or after the tube has been drawn through each die, I
subject it to the action of a reeling or releasing machine, to
sufficiently release the tube to permit of the free flow of the
metal in the next draw or pass. Thus in the drawing of a
tube whose thickness on leaving the rolls is equal to about
No. 1 1 gauge down to a thickness equal to No. 20 gauge, I
first coat the tube with anti-friction metal (after annealing,
if necessary), and then draw it through a series of five or
six dies until reduced to the required finished size. After
leaving each die the tube is reeled, but not taken off the
mandrel, before being passed through the next."
The drawing of a number of tubes simultaneously on the
one mandrel is described in the specification No. 3372 of the
year 1902, filed on behalf of La Societe Vogt and Cie, of
Niederbruck, near Maxmiinster, Alsace, Germany. A
number of tubes are nested together and drawn on the one
mandrel inserted in the innermost tube To prevent what
is termed " a grinding or welding together " of the nested
tubes, they are covered with " a thin protective coating (for
example, of milk of lime or of a mixture of graphite and
coal)."
COMBINED DRAWING AND ROLLING.
Fig. 123 is from the specification No. 4629 of 1902 of Max
Mannesmann, showing the combination of a draw-bench
device with rolls. A sufficient description is given by the
first claim, which reads as follows : " The improvement in
the rolling of tubes, which consists in rolling a hollow billet
or blank between positively-driven rolls and a positively-
9ST
114
THE MANUFACTURE OF
driven endwise-actuated mandrel, the velocity of the mandrel
being greater than the peripheral velocity with which the
calibre of the rolls revolve, whereby the stretching ont of
the hollow blank is facilitated or the crowding up of the
rolled out part of the tube in longitudinal direction is pre-
vented, substantially as described." It will be observed
FIG. 123.
that, unlike the Ehrhardt and the Keithley machines
described in a former article, the movement of the rolls is
in the same direction as that of the independently actuated
mandrel. The following patent specifications of Max Mannes-
mann are concurrent with the foregoing : 4553, 4554, 4625,
4626, 4627, 4628, all of the year 1902.
DRAWING WELDLESS TUBES WITH BUTT ENDS OR
THICKENED ENDS.
Figs. 124 and 125 are from the specification No. 24931 of
1897, of A. M. Reynolds and J. T. Hewitt, of Birmingham,
describing the drawing of tubes with a varying distribution
of metal. The particular figures selected illustrate the
manufacture of a double butted tube, or a tube with both
ends thickened. The mandrel is necked or reduced at the
required positions to give the thickened portions of tube.
On subsequently withdrawing the mandrel the said thickened
portions are expanded, thus providing a uniform internal
bore, as at fig. 125. If the tube is required in this form the
closed or tagged end is then cut off. But if, as in the case
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 115
of cycle tubing, a uniform external diameter is required, the
tube is drawn through a die, without a mandrel, for the pur-
pose of contracting the external projections ; the thickened
portions are thus returned to the original or fig. 124 position.
A machine specially adapted for the drawing of butted or
reinforced tubes as aforesaid is described in A. M. Reynolds'
specification No. 4443 of 1899.
ANNEALING AND PICKLING.
By the ordinary methods of annealing, in which the tubes
are exposed to oxidising gases during heating and to the air
during cooling, there is a wastage of metal by the formation
of oxide on the tube surfaces. For the complete removal of
such oxide it is necessary to subject the tubing to the
" pickling " process, which may set up a further wastage. A
\ VVWX
FIGS. 124 and 125.
weak acid solution, consisting of one part hydrochloric acid
to 39 parts water, is the " pickling" solution specified by the
British Admiralty for the thorough cleansing of boiler tubes
for examination prior to their acceptance from the
manufacturer.
In several industries notably in the manufacture of the
bright steel wire used for making cards for the purpose of
combing wool or other fibres, and also in the rolling of
bright metal sheets or strips for various purposes what is
known as " bright annealing " is employed. By this process
the articles are surrounded by an inert or non-oxidising
atmosphere during the annealing process. According to one
method of applying the process the articles are placed in
an annealing box which is connected by a flexible pipe with
an ordinary illuminating gas supply. The admission of the
11C THE MANUFACTURE OF
coal gas drives out the air and maintains an inert or
non-oxidising atmosphere within the annealing box
throughout the annealing operation. The articles are thus
not only protected from scaling but their original brightness
is not lost nor impaired during annealing.
Close annealing and '" bright annealing " appear to offer
very considerable advantages to weldless steel tube manufac-
turers, and we understand that it has been adopted by some
of them.
In his specification No. 4085 of 1902, for "Improve-
ments relating to the treatment of metals during manufac-
facture into various articles," Mr. T. Vaughan Hughes,
A.R.S.M., of Birmingham, describes, inter alia, " annealing in
the presence of a gas capable of acting chemically so as to
remove any scale formed during previous processes of manu-
facture, thus virtually currying out the annealing and
pickling processes simultaneously." For this purpose he
admits to the annealing furnace "a gas which will act
chemically to remove any scale previously formed, and
prevent the formation of further scale, such, for instance, as
chlorine or hydrochloric acid gas in the case of iron and
ammonia in the case of copper."
In his paper read in November, 1899, before the Cycle
Engineers' Institute, on " Some Aspects of Steel Tube
Making," from which an extract was given in an earlier
article, Mr. Alex. E. Tucker, F.I.C., of Birmingham, makes
the following reference to pickling :
" The loss of expensively produced metal is again large in
the pickling process, and the lessening of the leakage in
monetary value is much to be desired. A process has lately
been suggested for pickling sheets, in which the scale is
removed electrically by making the sheets the anode in a
practically neutral solution, and using a lead or iron plate as
a cathode. The method would seem to be applicable
to tubes. Special arrangements would have to be provided
for their lengths and circular section. Perhaps, however,
these might be met by threading the tubes on vertical iron
legs, bolted to a strong wooden frame. The whole would
then be lowered into the pickling vat filled with the neutral
solution, and electrically connected with a small dynamo.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 117
From experiments I have made in connection with this
matter I find that a current of 3*8 amperes per square foot
of surface, working in a neutral solution, very easily scales
steel. If it should be found practically possible to use this
method of pickling for tubes, there would be on the credit
side a more uniform removal of metal than is possible when
bundles of tubes are placed in a horizontal tank of acid
water. Difficulties as to the disposal of waste pickle would
be at an end, and as a minor advantage the iron taken off
the tubes could be returned to the puddling or blast
furnace for regeneration into more tubes."
Fig. 126 represents a pickling apparatus "for removing
rust, cinder, or other foreign substance" from the surface of
"metallic tubes, rods, and the like, which are to be subjected
to cold-drawing operations," as described and illustrated in
the specification No. 4897 of 1898, filed on behalf of Wm.
A. McCool, of Beaver Falls, Pa., U.S.A. :
"A is a tank containing the chemical reagent, such as
dilute sulphuric or other acid. It is preferably of sufficient
height to receive the entire length of long tubes or bars B
supported by the carrier. The tube carrier comprises a
central rod C, a perforated floor D, and one or more adjust-
able perforated plates E fixed at various distances from the
bottom. In the bottom of the tank A there is a step F with
a recess / to receive the end of the central rod C. At the
upper end of the rod C is a swivel at G, and chain H by
which the tube carrier can be raised and lowered. Below
the step F is a valve I, which can be opened by means of a
lever J when desired. K is a perforated pipe surrounding
the step F and connected with a pipe K 1 . The effect of
admitting steam is to heat the liquid and cause it to circu-
late as indicated by the arrows. This circulation serves to
carry the ' scale ' or foreign materials removed from the
metal surfaces by action of the acid to the inclined bottom
of the tank, from which it can be removed by opening the
valve I from time to time. The bottom a of the tank is
inclined towards the valve, so that when it is open the
escaping fluid carries with it all the deposited sediment."
"The tubes or rods, after being pickled, instead of being
oiled as is usually done, are, according to this invention,
118
THE MANUFACTURE OF
coated with paraffin wax or like material by immersing them
in a tank in which it is kept in a melted condition by the
heat of a steam coil or jacket. By using paraffin or such
FIG.
like material which sets solid on the pipe or rod, instead of
employing oil which is easily rubbed off, the coated articles
can be kept in store before being subjected to drawing, still
retaining the lubricant, and when they are drawn the
IKON AND STEEL TUBES. 119
lubricant scales off and can be collected for future use,
whereas oil, when employed for lubricating the articles,
becomes lost and covers the tools and workshop with masses
of waste oil."
STEEL FOR WELDLESS TUBE MANUFACTURE.
In his paper on the manufacture of weldless steel tubes
by the Mannesmann process, read in April, 1902, before the
South Wales Institute of Engineers, Mr. J. H. H. Barree, in
referring to the selection of the material, said: "The steel
must be ductile, and must also possess considerable tensile
strength, varying with the class of tube to be made. Homo-
geneity is very essential, and it must also be free from the
following defects, to which mild steel is liable : blowholes,
which afterwards become blisters; rooks, which develop into
external laps and laminations ; and scabs, which cause
unequal thickness when the tube is rolled out. Another
reason which renders the selection of the steel of great
importance is the multitude of specifications with which the
tube manufacturer has to deal, almost every engineer having
his own pet theories on the subject, and each Government
department having its own special requirements. It is,
therefore, absolutely necessary that the tube maker should
possess to a certain extent the knowledge of the steel manu-
facturer. Fortunately the British steel manufacturer is
now beginning to realise that the steel tube trade is a large
and important consumer and is able to supply suitable
material for ordinary work, but for the highest class tubing
in cold-drawn finish the tube manufacturer has mainly to
rely upon the Swedish steel makers."
In connection with the foregoing it may here be observed
that a few years ago the Admiralty, with a little regard
perhaps to the encouragement of home industries but a
greater consideration for convenience of inspection and test-
ing during manufacture, attempted to compel the employment
of nothing but British steel in the manufacture of weldless
boiler tubes. It was found, however, not from any want of
skill on the part of the British steel makers but because of
the natural qualities of the raw materials, both ore and fuel,
120 THE MANUFACTURE OF
available in Sweden, that to insist on such a condition was
not in the best interests of the Service and occasioned much
trouble and loss to our steel-tube manufacturers. It was
accordingly withdrawn.
Some tensile tests which we made on three test pieces
prepared from as many billets of Swedish steel for use in
the manufacture of cycle tubes gave the following results :
Ultimate load. Elongation in 8 in. Reduction of area.
A....32'29tonspersq. inch. ... 19 '5 per cent. ... 57'3 per cent.
B.... 37-93 20-0 42'1
C.... 32-49 26-5 55'5
A chemical analysis on borings taken from these samples
gave the following :
A. B. c.
Carbon 0'283 per cent. ... "3 53 per cent. ... 0'213 per cent.
Silicon 0-034 0'052 0'047
Sulphur ... 0-017 0-017 0'021
Phosphorus 0'002 0'002 0'002
Manganese. 0'262 0'297 0'316
It will be observed that the sample B (containing a com-
paratively high percentage of carbon) has a tensile strength
considerably in excess of the samples A and C. In the
manufacture of tubes from the steel represented by theso
samples great trouble was experienced in the cold drawing
and much waste through defective places in the steel and
the consequent splitting of the tubes at such places during
reduction to the required gauge. The conclusion arrived at
was that steel such as that represented by the sample B was
unsuitable for the production of thin gauge tubing as required
for cycles.
It is important to remember, however, that very low
carbon and soft steels such as may be quite suitable in tubes
for other services, may be useless for cycle tubes, as in addi-
tion to being insufficiently rigid to resist the stresses
imposed upon them in a cycle frame, the hot spelter, during
the brazing of the frame joints, may burn through the thin,
metal.
Some steels employed for the construction of cycle tubing,
and that of excellent quality, vary very considerably in
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 121
composition from the samples above named. In particular the
percentage of silicon and phosphorus may be much higher,
the former element being sometimes present to the extent of
slightly more than 0*5 per cent. The carbon may also
amount to J per cent and the manganese exceed the per-
centage named in the above tests.
The tests recorded hereunder were made by the author on
two annealed strips, cut from cycle tubing of No. 21 gauge
(B.W.G.), which represents a thickness of 0-034 in. :
Ultimate tensile load. Elongation in 8 in.
26 '67 tons per square inch 12'5 per cent.
28-24 lO'O
A chemical analysis gave the carbon as 0*290 per cent.
For boiler tubes a very mild steel is generally employed.
The British Admiralty very wisely leave to the makers the
chemical composition of the metal for cold-drawn boiler
tubes, but call for a tensile strength in the annealed billet of
21 to 24 tons per square inch, with an elongation of 33 per
cent in 2 in. Strips cut from the tube, which may be
annealed before testing, are required to show a tensile
strength not exceeding 26 tons per square inch, with 27 per
cent extension in 2 in.
Steel having a carbon percentage as low as '01 to *015 per
cent has been employed for cold-drawn seamless tubes. It
has been suggested that a mild steel with but such an
exceedingly low percentage of carbon (less than is usually
present in wrought iron) might more appropriately be
termed "ingot iron."
CHAPTER XI.
WELDED TUBES.
WKOUGHT iron tubes for the conveyance of gas, water, and
steam are still chiefly made according to the methods intro-
duced in the first half of last century. Various improve-
ments have been effected in the machinery and appliances
122 THE MANUFACTURE OF
employed, but the processes followed are substantially the
same as were evolved and established in and around
Wednesbury by James Whitehouse, the Messrs. Russell,
and others, between 1827 and 1850.
Whether butt-welded or lap-welded tubes are required, the
manufacturer must first obtain bis rolled "strip" from the
ironmaster and convert the same into the " skelp " or open
jointed tubular form.
Butt-welded tubes are listed by the makers as small as
one-eighth of an inch internal diameter. Lap-welded tubes
are internally supported by a plug or mandrel or its equiva-
lent during welding, and cannot, therefore, be obtained of so
small a diameter. The ordinary minimum internal diameter
of lap-welded tubes is about one inch.
The following description of the manufacture of lap-
welded iron tubes, as set forth in Thomas Henry Russell's
specification, No. 10816 of the year 1845, may be of
interest : <k The tubular skelp, drawn from a furnace at a
welding heat, is placed upon a mandrel, or what the inventor
terms a 'beak-iron,' which has a working surface of steel,
and is rigidly fixed at one end in a horizontal position, its
free end projecting over a draw-bench. The free end of this
beak-iron affords the necessary resistance and support when
the lap-joint of the tube, in order to weld it, is pressed upon
by a roller, whilst the tube is drawn off the beak-iron by the
action of the draw-chain, to which the grippers that
have hold of the tube are attached. This system of work-
ing answers for tubes of large size, which are welded thereby
at two operations, one-half at a time. In making small
tubes the mandrel, or beak-iron, is required to be longer and
of small diameter, and, consequently, as there is not suffi-
cient substance to support the tube and its own weight
horizontally without deflection, it is supported by a roller
beneath the tube, whilst the welding roller above is operat-
ing upon the seam, the draw-chain dragging the tube
forward. The skelp in this case is drawn direct from the
furnace on to the beak- iron."
The steam tubes of leading makers are one gauge thicker
than water tubes, and the latter one gauge thicker than gas
tubes. The particulars given hereunder are from the pub-
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
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124 THE MANUFACTURE OF
lished lists of Messrs. John Spencer Limited, of Globe Tube
Works, Wednesbury :
The thickness of metal provided (and the list may be
taken as typical of the sizes adopted by the leading makers),
affords a far greater factor of safety than would appear
necessary from a consideration merely of the bursting stress
to be resisted. Let us, as an example, examine a one inch
internal diameter gas pipe. The bursting force is given by
multiplying the internal pressure per square inch by the
internal diameter or bore in inches. Thus as a one inch
pipe is of unit bore, the pressure per square inch will also
be the bursting effort, and if the ultimate tensile strength of
the iron be "20 tons per square inch (it should not be less),
the pressure required to burst a pipe having a weld equal in
strength to the strip itself will be
20 x (-128 x 2) = 5-12 tons per square inch.
The actual pressure of the gas conveyed by the pipes will in
most cases not reach as many pounds. But the weld will
by no means come up to the stated condition, and indeed, in
some places, where through the interposition of a particle of
scale, or for some other reason, a true weld is wanting, the
tube may not even be gas tight. Further, the screwing of
the tube ends will of course reduce the effective thickness
of metal at such parts. All gas, water, and steam pipes,
and fittings for same, must therefore be subjected to
hydraulic test before passing from the works. Though for
gas tubes a test pressure as low as 50 Ib. per square inch is
all that is sometimes specified by buyers, makers of repute
prefer to adopt a much higher test pressure for all their
tubes and fittings. Bayers' spacifications for water and
steam tubes seldom call for a hydraulic test pressure of less
than 300 Ib. per square inch, whilst as a test against " cold
shortness," the tubes are required to stand bending cold
through a right angle without fracture over a rounded block
having a radius equal to but twice the bore of the tube.
Butt-welding is not ordinarily adopted for steam tubes of
more than 2 in. internal diameter, and in some instances
l^in. is the maximum size made by butt-welding. Lap-
welding is more effective and convenient for the larger sizes.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 12f>
Lap-welded boiler tubes are made of several thicknesses
in the same diameters to meet requirements. In fire-tube
or tubular boilers (as distinguished from water-tube or
tubulous boilers) the pressure acts upon the exterior of the
tubes ; they may, therefore, be safely made from thinner
metal than is necessary for the resistance of an internally
applied or bursting pressure.
Turning now to some recent patent specifications relating
to the manufacture of lap-welded tubes, the illustration at
FIG. 127.
fig. 127 is from the specification No. 17986 of 1898, of C.
Twer, of Eschweiter, Rhenish Prussia, shortly described as
follows :
" Wrought-iron gas pipes and the like are made with over-
lapping edges in an arrangement such as illustrated. The
bell A, into which the skelp is guided, is provided with the
mandrel B, supported from the pivoted arm C. The bell,
which may be in two halves, carries rollers T), mounted in
adjustable bearings. As the skelp is drawn forward its two
overlapping edges are welded. The mandrel may be divided
in order to render it elastic and to prevent a rupture of the
bell. To reduce friction a small roller is sometimes placed
in the interior of the mandrel at the place of contact
between the mandrel and the tube to be welded."
126
THE MANUFACTURE OF
Fig. 128 is from one of several illustrations appearing in
the specification No. 22261 of 1898, setting forth an inven-
tion of E. E. Hies, of New York, the object of which is
stated to be the production of " tubing in which the meeting
edges are welded together in such a manner that the tubing
may be re-drawii 'cold without weakening the joint, a process
only possible heretofore with ingot or weldless formed
tubing. A further object is to utilise the heating effect of
an electric current or currents for producing an electrically
welded or brazed seam during the process of forming tubes
of this character, by which the heat is locally applied and
FIG. 128.
the heated metal protected to a very appreciable extent from
oxidation and products of combustion, thus materially
increasing the perfection and strength of the seam, and
making this portion of the tube practically as strong or
stronger than any other portion. 1 am also enabled by my
improvements to manufacture tubes substantially equal in
all respects, as regards strength and appearance, to seamless
drawn tubing, while at the same time diminishing greatly
the cost of production, both with respect to the number of
operations required, the increased uniformity of the product,
the saving effected in the original cost of the plant, and of
greater economy in the use of heat."
Referring to the illustration at fig. 128, " the metal strip
1 is passed round a mandrel 3, and through a die 2, to
form it into the tube 4. A cooling fluid is circulated
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 127
through a chamber in the die. The edges of the strip are
brought to a welding temperature by passing an electric
current through the carbon rod 5, the metal strip, the die,
and back to the battery or other source. The die presses the
heated edges of the strip so that they are welded together,
and the tube is prevented from collapsing by the mandrel.
A hand wheel and other gearing are provided to draw the
strip through the die. The die may be fitted with rollers,
and the mandrel may have . a roller fitted in its head. The
tube may be heated after passing through the die, which
subjects it to a slight drawing process. The weld is com-
pleted by passing the tube through a ' welding clamp,'
consisting of two hinged jaws which squeeze the tube/''
The production of lap-welded tubes by a rolling-mill is
described in the specification No. 16550 of 1899, of E.
Johnson, of Wednesbury, the invention comprising a movable
guide adapted for the guidance of the work into either the
preliminary or the final welding groove or pass of the rolls.
The process is described as follows : " Skelps with lap-
joints having been made, they are placed upon mandrels and
heated in a heating furnace, of the ordinary kind, in front of
the rolls. A heated skelp, or partly-made tube, is conveyed
from the furnace into the trough guide in front of the first
groove or hole in the rolls by which it is guided to the paid
groove ; it is then seized by the said groove and its joint
partly welded. The tube passed through the rolls is
returned to the furnace and conveyed a second time to the
guide and first groove in the rolls for further welding if
necessary or desirable. The position of the movable tongue
or guide check being reversed, a trough guide is formed in
front of the second groove or hole in the rolls, and the partly
welded tube having been re-heated is passed one or more
times through the second groove or hole to finish or perfect
the welding of the joint. In this way long tubes can be
readily welded at one operation, that is, before the tubes are
allowed to cool. The welded tubes are straightened in the
ordinary way."
128 THE MANUFACTURE OF
CHAPTER XII.
THE PRODUCTION OF TUBES DIRECT FROM PILED HOLLOW
BLOOMS.
THOUGH the manufacture of tubes for the conveyance of gas,
steam, and water, and for other purposes, by skelping and
welding rolled iron strips on the systems of Whitehouse
and others, has been followed for so many years, various
inventors in this and other countries have felt that a more
direct system is needed and have striven for such a system.
To produce "tube strip" from the rough "puddled bars,"
or " muck bars " as they are termed in America, much
rolling is necessary. But if during such rolling the hot
crude metal which is thereby subjected to the necessary
compressive working or forging to bring it to condition can
be made into a tubular instead of a flat strip form, an
enormous saving is apparent. The very statement of the
problem may appear to give the solution. There are, how-
ever, various practical difficulties which may in part be
appreciated when it is remembered that in "puddled bars"
or " muck bars " we have the iron in an exceedingly crude
condition and containing a considerable admixture of
impurities. These impurities in the rolling of the bars,
become squeezed towards the edges, so that at such parts it
is particularly difficult to effect welding.
Further, anything in the nature of wiring, banding, or
other similar means for holding a pile of the bars together
to form a hollow bloom or inchoate tube has been found
altogether inadmissible. Such a method of securing the
components of a " pile " or " faggot " may be employed
when the subsequent initial welding, after removal from the
furnace, is effected under a steam hammer ; it is dangerous
and unreliable when the pile has to be passed through rolls.
Fig. 129 illustrates the solution of the problem furnished
by H. Perrins in his specification No. 22947, of 1897. The
following description is extracted from the specification :
" In making round section wrought-iron or steel tubes in
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 129
accordance with my invention, I first form what I call a
piled hollow or tubular bloom as follows : In an ordinary
rolling mill, with the rolls turned to the proper shapes, I
roll puddled iron bars or other iron or mild steel bars to the
trough sections shown in the figure, and so that the com-
plete self-supporting pile may stand on one of the flat sides
of the outer bars. Care must be taken that the edges of
the bars are separated as illustrated. The piled hollow
FIG. 129.
bloom, as aforesaid, is raised to a welding heat in a suit-
able furnace, being placed with one of its flat sides on the
furnace bed. As there are two flat sides, forming the top
and bottom respectively of the pile or piled bloom, the
latter can be turned over in the furnace, and will stand
steady on either of the said sides and thus be prevented
from rolling in the furnace. When at a welding tempera-
ture, the pressure of the uppermost outer bar upon the inner
bars and the pressure of the said inner bars upon the lower
outer bar, cause the parts to become united or partiallv
10ST
130 THE MANUFACTURE OF
welded along their adjoining circumferential surfaces, and by
such welding before removal from the furnace the bars will
be secured and retained in their proper relative positions
during the subsequent rolling operation which completes the
welding. The piled hollow bloom is rolled down at one heat
thin enough to form some sizes of gas, water, steam, or
other tubes."
The fundamental feature of the Perrins' process is, as is
set out in the claim with which the specification concludes
the manufacture of wrought-iron and steel tube from hollow
blooms formed by piles of inner and outer bars so shaped and
arranged as to cause them to hold together and to unite in
the furnace when raised to a welding temperature.
CASED TUBES.
Brass-cased tubes, as employed for bedsteads, fenders, and
the like, and brass-cased stair rods are said to have been
invented by Sir Edward Thomason in the year 1803, though
from the British Patent Records they would appear to have
been invented, or at any rate patented, a few years later and
by another person.
In the manufacture of cased tubes, or composite or con-
solidated tubes as they are frequently termed in America,
efforts are made to associate with the employment of the
thinnest possible case a ready and convenient method of
effectually concealing the joint. In what is known as " close
joint" cased tube, the edges of the case are simply tucked
under the edges of the tubular iron core or " inside " ; the
joint is then plainly visible. In "brazed cased tubes" the
case edges are brazed together. This generally involves the
employment of a thicker case and of metal of a rather
better quality to enable it to withstand the brazing heat.
With a good brazed cased tube, however, the joint is quite
invisible after finishing and lacquering. In the manufacture
of brazed cased tubes it was usual to reduce the case, or the
metal to form the case, to the desired thickness (or thinness)
before brazing. But under more recent practice thicker
metal is brazed into a case, which is then drawn on a mandrel
to the finished gauge before placing over and closing upon the
iron core or inside.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
131
The illustrations, figs. 130, 131, 132, and 133, are from the
specification No. 566, of 1899, filed on behalf of A. P.
Alvord, of New York, describing a method and means for
the "making in one operation from two blank strips of
metal a compound tube consisting of a slotted hollow core
and a surrounding shell having flanges that project into
FIG. 130.
FIG. 181.
the slot of the core." In other words, it is a method and
means for making both "inside" and "case" together, and
simultaneously uniting or closing the one upon the other.
On the bed of the machine three pairs of rolls are pivotally
mounted, namely, the flanging rolls bb, the upsetting rolls
c c, and the shaping rolls d d, between which the blank is
drawn by the positively driven or power rolls e e. The
132 THE MANUFACTURE OF
pivotally mounted rolls can be readily adjusted to
accommodate blanks of different widths. A spring-actuated
presser roll / is arranged in front of the flanging rolls b b, as
illustrated. A funnel-shaped former h is placed between
the rolls c and d. As shown at fig. 132, the strip of steel as
A, which is to form the core or " inside," is placed upon a
wider strip of brass B, which is to form the case. According
to the specification, after passing right through the machine
the two strips will be delivered from the rolls e e (which serve
not only to draw the tube through the machine but also to
impart the final shape), as a cased tube such as shown at
fig. 133. The patent granted on this specification has been
allowed to lapse.
The specification No. 10371, of 1899, of C. Harvey, of
Birmingham, describes the interposition between the casing
metal and the iron or like foundation, or "inside," of soft
material such as paper, wood, felt, or a soft metal alloy.
Fio. 132. FIG. 133.
" The thin casing metal is, owing to the soft packing, not
liable to sear, and sharp edges of well-defined pattems or
sections may be produced in the drawn or ornamental
lengths." The invention set forth in the specification No.
22668, of 1899, of the same patentee, is described as having
for its object the production of "a composite tube with a
brass or other ductile metal casing drawn on to a non-
metallic foundation or base formed of paper, paper pulp,
cardboard, wood pulp, or the like. The said foundation is
fashioned and made solid by rolling or drawing, and is
afterwards encased with the metal casing by drawing on a
mandrel, or the foundation may be moulded."
The specification No. 2841, of 1900, of T. H. Lawton, of
Birmingham, describes metal-cased tubes in which the edges
of. the case are secured by a jointing or locking strip.
" The inner tube is placed within the case, and in drawing
IRON AND STEEL TUBES. 133
through the circular finishing die the jointing strip is
flattened within the case strip and obscured."
A locking strip or clamping piece for securing the edges
of the outer cases, and also of the tubular cores or
"insides" of cased tubes, is described in the specification
No. 5378, of 1897, of J. L. Wright, of Birmingham. The
patent granted on this application became void in 1901.
134
THE MANUFACTURE OF
APPENDIX.
BRITISH PATENT SPECIFICATIONS RELATING TO THE MANU-
FACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
Note. Where specifications have been filed as communi-
cations from abroad, the name given is that of the communi-
cating party, not the formal applicant for Letters Patent.
BRAZED TUBES.
Name.
J. T. Thompson.
S. Walker.
Earle and Bourne.
R F. Hall.
A. Farnell.
Pihlfeldt and Garnett.
C. H. Brampton.
W. Starley.
J. V. Pugh.
E. Beranger and another.
T. Taylor.
F. Moore.
Gibbs and Wright.
Elkington and Fellows.
F. A. Wilmot.
Taylor and Wasdell.
H. Adler.
E. E. Ries.
H. Du Cros.
F. A. Wilmot.
T. Midgley.
A. A. Steward.
Jeffrey and Moxon.
BENDING, STRAIGHTENING, CORRUGATING, ETC.
4425 ... 1877 ... J. Farmer. (Straightening, etc.)
4935 ... 1877 ... S. Fox. (Corrugating.)
No.
Year.
5403 ...
1826..
13573 ...
1851 ..
4875 ...
1891 ..
8494 ...
1894..
20324...
1895..
24338...
1895 ..
3955 ...
1896 ..
5771 ...
1896 ..
10477 ...
1896 ..
10688...
1896..
22854...
1896 ..
28113...
1896 ..
29800...
1896 ..
29834 ...
1896 ..
6824...
1897 ..
16440...
1897 ..
20277 ...
1898 ..
22261 ...
1898 ..
7824...
1899 ..
9198...
1899 ..
10337 ...
1899 ..
11233...
1899..
8180..
1901 ...
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
135
No.
Year.
4898 ...
1878
2316 ...
1882
2647 ...
1882
840 ...
1883
14469 ...
1884
5019...
1885
14993 ...
1888
8948 ...
1890
19040...
1893
18731 ...
1894
20921 ...
1894
11406 ...
1895
17211 ...
1895
18539 ...
1895
3349 ...
1896
5078 ...
1896
7221 ...
1896
8417 ...
1896
13282...
1896
16422 ...
1896
20033 ...
1896
21739..
1896
22682
23873
26255
26325
27703
11569
13590
19755
351
3951
10977
14827
21592
22962
1896
1896
1896
1896
1896
1897
1897
1897
1898
1898
1898
1898
1898
1898
Name.
G. Matheson. (Straightening, etc.)
J. Farmer. (Straightening, etc.)
J. Robertson. (Polishing, etc.)
T. Drake. (Coiling.)
J. Wilkes. (Fluting.)
G. Round. (Bending.)
J. Shepherd. (Corrugating.)
G. H. Everson. (Polishing, etc.)
P. E. Secretan. (Corrugating.)
J. and G. H. McDongall. (Bending.)
W. B. Thompson. (Corrugating.)
J and W. Pilkington. (Straightening.)
G. Platt. (Straightening, polishing, etc.)
P. Baumert. (Grooved and ribbed.)
S. Wilkes. (Bending.)
T. A. Wooldridge. (Bending.)
J. Rees. (Fluting or corrugating.)
P. Medart. (Straightening and polishing. )
Platts and Mather. (Twisted tubes.)
Young and Jones. (Corrugated cycle tubes. )
S. Baxter. (Corrugated cycle tubes.)
Shuttleworth-Browne. (Corrugated cycle
tubes.)
S. S. Sergeant. (Corrugating.)
B. Wesselmann. (Corrugated cycle tubes.)
F. E. Elmore. (Corrugating.)
W. E. Gregg. (Bending.)
W. Webster. (Corrugated.)
Soc. Anonyme du Generateur du Temple.
(Corrugated.)
J. Shaw arid others. (Fluted tubes.)
G. Brandt. (Bending.)
S. Frank. (Corrugating.)
H. Norris. (Corrugating.)
E. Marim. (Corrugating.)
C. Weber. (Bending and straightening.)
H. Lefevere. (Bending.)
L. II. Brightman. (Straightening and
polishing.)
136
THE MANUFACTURE OF
No. . Year. Name.
1142 ... 1900 ... C. R. McKibben. (Bending.)
23827 ... 1900 ... Robertson and Robertson. (Bending.)
2924 ... 1901 ... J. Bradley. (Bending.)
3231 ... 1901 ... F. G. Hampson. (Bending.)
16197 ... 1901 ... E. J. Post. (Bending.)
16648 ... 1901 ... G. Platt. (Straightening, etc.)
18272 ... 1901 ... J. W. Walsh. (Corrugating.)
2432.. 1902 ... J. Earle (Bending.)
2482 ... 1902 ... F. Monkemoller. (Bending.)
11732 ... 1902 ... M. Sensenschmidt. (Bending.)
26266 ... 1902 ... W. W. Benson. (Bending.)
576 ... 1903 ... T. F. Ash. (Ornamental.)
CASED OR COMPOSITE.
(See also metal and other lined or coated tubes.)
.. J. T. Thompson.
.. J. Cutler.
.. R. W. Winfield.
.. J. Hudson.
.. H. Sheldon.
H. S. Whitehouse.
. J. L. Wright.
. Tonks Limited and Revill.
. T. H. Lawton.
. A. P. Alvoid.
. C. Harvey.
. A. Schmitz.
. A. Schmitz.
. C. Harvey.
. T. H. Lawton.
. E. Madeley and others.
. H. Knight.
CLOSE JOINT OR OPEN JOINT.
5208... 1825... W. Hancock.
12500 ... 1849 ...J. Cutler.
871 ... 1857... J. J. Russell.
1769 ... 1857 ...G. H. M. Muntz
5403 ...
1826 ..
12500...
1849 ..
2234 ...
1854 ..
1386...
1884..
26367...
1896..
2448...
1897..
5378 ...
1897..
15789 ...
1897 ..
21406 ...
1898 ..
566 ...
1899 ..
10371 ...
1899..,
21699 ...
1899 ..
22628...
1899 ...
22668 ...
1899 ...
2841 ...
1900 ..
3711 ...
1900 ...
11035 ..
1902..
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
137
No.
Year.
128
... 1863
1973
... 1867
3952
... 1868
2294
... 1869
2869
... 1870,
3360
... 1870
2542
... 1871 ,
3462
... 1874
3577
... 1875
3853
... 1875 ,
3913
... 1875 ,
184
... 1880.
446
... 1881 .
7034
... 1885 .
6262
... 1886,
10149
... 1891 .
8563
... 1894 .
14336
... 1894 ,
1484
... 1897 .
8180
... 1901 .
12262
... 1901 .
18703
... 1901 .
576
... 1903 .
1415
... 1873 .
1376
... 1878 .
5177
... 1883 .
3187
... 1884 .
10640
... 1886 .
19230
... 1891 .
7383
... 1896 .
12173
... 1896 .
17581
... 1896 .
22695
... 1896 .
7524
... 1897 .
28804
... 1897 .
28805
... 1897 .
21406
,. 1898 .
Name.
, Hulse and Hains.
, G. C. Smith.
. J. B. Clow.
. T. F. Taylor.
A. Ballantyne.
, A. and J. Stewart and another.
J. Huggins.
J. Huggins.
, Brownhill and Smith.
Brownhill and Smith.
Brownhill and Smith.
C. E. Smith.
( 1 assels and Morton.
E. Dixon.
F. Huggins.
F. Huggins.
Broughton and Fieldhouse.
F. Huggins.
Frick and Price.
Jeffrey and Moxon.
Post, E. J.
J. Earle.
T. F. Ash.
LOCK JOINT.
S. R. Wilmot.
E. Quadling.
Gaskell and Exton.
G. S. Marshall.
W. Allman.
Earle and Bourne.
T. S. James.
W. J. Goddard and others.
Fraser and Abrahams.
M. Ferguson.
E. J. Post.
M. Ferguson.
M. Ferguson.
T. H. Lawton.
138
THE MANUFACTURE OF
Name.
L. Carbone.
ffrey and Moxon.
Hancox.
H. Hoskins.
nston and Porritt.
. 1902 ... W. H. Washington and others.
COILED OR SPIRAL STRIP.
W. Beasley.
A. S. and F. S. Bolton.
W. Childs.
E. Brooks.
G. Paulding.
Stewart and Pirie.
G. H. Fox.
E. Deeley.
M. Rose/
W. James.
G. Round.
Coas and others.
J. B. Root.
J. B. Root.
J. H. Breeze.
J. Wustenhofer.
W. Schroeder.
W. Hillman.
A. Prim.
H. Ehrdardt.
H. Perrins. (Welded.)
T. Midgley.
E. T. Wainwright. (Welded.)
J. A. Orichton.
Kane and Taylor.
E. T. Greenfield.
METAL AND OTHER LINED OR COATED TUBES.
(See also cased or composite tubes.)
. Palmer. (Glass lining or coating.)
No.
Year.
522
... 1900..
8180
... 1901 ..
19984
... 1901 ..
6493
... 1902 ..
7200
... 1902 ..
14801
... 1902 ..
14163
... 1852 ..
839
... 1854..
2346
...1854..
1603
... 1857 ..
1352
... 1878..
2075
... 1879 ..
4211
... 1883 ..
297
... 1884..
218
... 1885 ..
532
... 1885 ..
5019
... 1885 ..
8635
,.1886 ..
9951
... 1886 ..
9952
... 1886 ..
5246
... 1888..
14532
... 1889..
15351
...1889 ..
82
... 1892 ..
5134
... 1897 ..
11311
... 1897..
11406
... 1898..
10337
... 1899 ..
18623
... 1899 ..
12731
... 1900..
9111
... 1901 ..
22261
... 1902..
METAL A!
(See
11377
... 1846 ..
12500
.. 1849..
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
139-
No.
Year.
13133 ...
1850
1655 ...
1884
17125...
1896
4478 ...
1897
29006 ...
1897
30357 ...
1897
8394...
1898
18969 ...
1898
23179 ...
1898
5977 ...
1899
9057 ...
1899
10294...
1899
13844 ...
1899
874...
1900
10006 ...
1900
11981 ...
1900
22791 ...
1900
3292 ...
1902
7886...
1902
3740 ...
1813
2181 ...
1853
1343...
1854
3066 ...
1861
541 ...
1864
3156 ...
1870
1140 ...
1874
1449 ...
1876
6100...
1885
15308...
1885
13357 ...
1888
1598...
1889
13396 ...
1889
17090 ...
1892
19176 ...
1892
8205 ...
1894
22733 ...
1894
6780...
1895
Name.
. Everitt and Glydon.
. T. B. Sharp.
, E. T. Greenfield.
, A. C. Wright.
. A. E. Hills.
. H. Lamoisse. (Celluloid coating.)
, H. W. Davies. (Lead coating).
, E. J. Braddock.
H. W. Davies.
, S. S. Walker.
. E. J. M. La Combe. (Silver coating. )
Hinds and Lewis.
G. H. Everson.
L. G. Bandelot.
S. E. Howell.
Beck and Townsend.
J. A. Crane.
J. Reynolds.
W. Greaves.
TAPER.
H. Osborne.
F. Potts.
Reeves and Wells.
Russell and Brown.
G. P. Harding.
H. Kesterton.
Hoskins and Harvey.
T. Rickett.
Hughes, Johnson, and Blakemore.
H. Waters.
W. Pilkington.
W. Lorenz.
W. H. Butler.
Pilkington and others.
Pilkington and others.
Faulkner and others.
Faulkner and others.
Deutsche metallpatronenfabrik.
140
THE MANUFACTURE OF
No.
Year.
Name.
17032
... 1896
... A. H. Hiisener.
21865
...1896
... H. 0. Harris.
3597
... 1897
... F. J. Seyfried.
3911
... 1898
. . . Lones and Holden.
2666
... 1899
... H. J. Waddie.
3157
... 1899
... E. Bock.
5985
... 1899
...T. B. Sharp.
5355
... 1901
... A. M. Reynolds.
7877
... 1901
... W. Schwiethal.
9888
... 1901
...E. Bock.
21180
... 1902
...A. Mauser.
BUTTED OR VARYING THICKNESS.
11095
... 1891
... Taylor and Challen.
21822
... 1893
... C. L. Stiff.
9803
... 1894
... Clarendon Tube Co. and another.
10803
... 1897
... E. Ivins.
18121
... 1897
... A. E. Beck.
18307
... 1897
...T. B. Sharp.
24931
... 1897
... Reynolds and Hewitt.
27200
... 1897
...B. Rose.
28160
... 1897
...S. E. Howell.
30451
...1897
... R. C. Stiefel.
27215
... 1898
... H. J. Brookes and others.
8749
... 1901
...T. B. Sharp.
D AND OVAL SECTIONS.
8205
... 1894
. . . Faulkner and others.
13137
... 1896
. . . Ames and Stokes.
17549
... 1896
...F. A. Walton.
22758
... 1896
... C. T. B. Sangster.
22854
... 1896
... T. Taylor.
13843
... 1897
... New Brotherton Tube Co. and others.
WELDED.
3590
...1812
...H. Osborn.
3617
... 1812
... H. Osborn.
4105
... 1817
... H. Osborn.
4191
.. 1817
. . J. F. Ohabannes.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
141
No. Year.
4892 ... 1824 .,
5109... 1825.
6097 ... 1831
6995 ... 1836.
7081 .. 1836 .
8454 ... 1840.,
9140... 1841 .
9287 ... 1842 .
9723. ..1843 ..
10122 ... 1844 .
10272 ... 1844 .,
10380... 1844 .,
10546 ... 1845 ..
10621 ... 1845..
10649... 1845 .,
10696... 1845 ..
10710
10816
11197
11360
12021
12158
12918
13035
13130
586
819
3017
2527
1223
1610
2251
1845 ..
1845 ..
1846 ..
1846 ..
1848 ..
1848 ..
1850..
1850 ..
1850 ..
1852 ..
1852 ..
1853 ..
1855..
1856 ..
1856 ..
1856 ..
2827p.p.l856 ..
72... 1857 ..
2685 ... 1858 ..
2765p.p.l858 ..
329. ..I860..
1552... 1860 ..
2941 ... 1860 ..
Name,
J. J. Russell.
C. Whitehouse.
, G. Royle.
, Harvey and Brown.
T. H. Russell.
R. Prosser.
J. Cutler.
Russell and Whitehouse.
J. Roose.
J. Hardy.
J. J. and T. H. Russell.
J. Hardy.
J. Selby.
G. Royle.
R. Prosser.
C. Whitehouse.
J. Hardy.
T. H. Russell.
W. Church.
J. Roose.
Cutler and Robinson.
W. Taylor.
Cochrane and Slate.
R. Prosser.
T. Deakin.
G. F. Selby.
J. Roose.
A. F. Remond.
T. Pritchard.
J. Cutler.
A. Herts.
Russell and Howell.
L. W. Wright,
Russell and Howell.
S. Oram.
S. Peters.
E. Lea.
J. E. Barnsley.
E. T. Hushes.
142 THE MANUFACTURE OF
No. Year. Name.
52 ... 1862 ... Jessen and others.
1146 ... 1862... W. Rose.
2626 ... 1862... E. Dixon.
1858 ... 1865 ... S. Ring-ley.
1868 ... 1866 ... G. Plant.
1937 ... 1867 ... Galloway and Plant.
2713 ... 1868 ... J. Evans.
3209 ... 1869 ... G. Northall.
1435 ... 1870 ... E. Peyton.
1571 ... 1870 ... R. Briggs.
1799 ... 1870 ... A. and J. Stewart.
3391 ... 1870 ... S. P. M. Tasker.
3440 ... 1873 ... J. Fairbanks. (Hollow pile.)
1024 ... 1874 ... J. Evans.
3415 ... 1874 ... G. H. M. Muntz.
209 ... 1875 ... J. C. Johnson.
290... 1875 ...H. Bristow.
1562 ... 1875 ...T. P. Allen.
2765 ... 1875 ... H. Kesterton.
10 ... 1876 ... T. P. Allen.
756p.p.l876 ... R. A. Malcolm.
2152 ... 1876 ... E. Deeley.
1202 ... 1877 ... Peyton and Bourne.
2906p.p.l877 ... E. Roden.
30 ... 1878 ... J. McDougall.
4946 ... 1878 ... McKenzie and Perkins.
4964 ... 1878 ... Selby and Garter.
514 ... 1879 ... W. Brawnhill.
4022 ... 1879 ... A. and J. Stewart and another.
184 ... 1880 ... C. E. Smith.
1254 ... 1880 ... J. Hooven.
446 ... 1881 ... Oassels and Morton.
1806 ... 1881 ... H. von Hartz and O. Fix.
2998 ... 1881 ... A. A. Murphy. (Hollow pile.)
3041 ... 1881 ... A. A. Murphy. (Hollow pile.;
1005 ... 1882 ... W. H. Wood.
2157 ... 1883 ... E. Quadling.
3152 ... 1884 ... J. Pumphery.
16689 ... 1884 ... Jones and Smith.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
143
No.
Year.
3344...
1885 ..
7034 ...
1885..
13628 ...
1885 ..
5641 ...
1890..
11374 ...
1890..
20478 ...
1890..
1208...
1891 ..
3706 ...
1891 ..
4655 ...
1891 ..
5808...
1891 ..
17250...
1892 .,
18007 ...
1892..
15119 ...
1893 .
16542 ...
J893.
16543 ...
1893 .
19289 ..
1893.
10948 ...
1894.
30544...
1897 .
22947 ...
1897 .
3332 ...
1898 .
17986 ...
1898 .
19059...
1898 .
22261 ...
1898 .
22447 ...
1898.
4312 ...
1899 .
4410,
7116
7117,
9662
16550
16755
21699
22685
4996
5867
8966
18386
3830
. 1899
. 1899
. 1899
. 1899
. 1899
. 1899
. 1899
.1899
.. 1900
. 1900
,. 1900
,. 1900
,. 1901
Name.
. E. Dixon.
. E. Dixon.
. J. A. Crane.
, . H. Howard.
. W. R. Comings.
. W. Brownhill.
.. J. H. Bevingtoii.
,. D. Muckley.
. . W. Brownhill.
.. Wotherspoon and others.
. . J. E. and H. Howard.
.. K. Button.
.. A. H. Williams.
.. Babcock and Wilcox.
. . Babcock and Wilcox.
. . W. Allman and E. Deeley.
. . J. P. Serve.
.. 0. Parpart. (Electric welding.)
.. H. Perrins. (Direct from piled bars.)
.. A. Pilkington.
. . C. Twer.
.. Minton and Brookes.
.. E. E. Hies.
.. C. Puff.
.. (.I. T. Thompson. (Electric Welding
Manufacturing Company. )
.. Yanstone and McGuiuness.
.. T. J. Bray. (Bench.)
.. T. J. Bray.
. . Rushton and Baldwin.
.. E. Johnson.
.. H. Perrins.
..A. Schmitz.
...A. Pilkington. (Iron and steel.)
,.. J. C. Nickling. (Pile.)
... K. Perrins.
. .. A. L. Murphy.
... F. Billing and others.
. H. Perrins.
144
THE MANUFACTURE OF
No.
Year.
Name.
10708
...1901
... H. Perrins.
18937
... 1901
... C.Twer.
1006
... 1902
... T. F. Rowland.
2331
... 1902
... F. J. T. Haskew.
3234
... 1902
... T. K. Barclay.
26540
... 1902
... National Tube Company.
27481
... 1902
... B. Kronenberg.
SEAMLESS OR WELDLESS.
8536
... 1840
...A. S. Stocker. (Hollow ingot of malleable
cast iron.)
12334
... 1848
.. J. 0. York. (Hollow cast steel ingots.)
13037
... 1850
... E. A. Chameroy. (Tubular billets of iron.)
472
... 1854
... J. D. M. Stirling. (Cast steel tubular
ingots.)
688
... 1854
... J. Newman. (Wrought iron hollow
billets.)
1023
... 1863
... J. Thompson. (Tubular billets.)
441
... 1874
... E. P. Wilbur. (Rolling tube from solid
ingot.)
1467
.. 1888
... C. A. Marshall. (Ingot with yielding core.)
8948
... 1890
... G. H. Everson. (Polishing, etc.)
4358
... 1892
...La Campagnie Francaise des Metraux.
(Ribbed.)
4794
... 1893
. . B. and G. Shorthouse. (Hollow billets.)
7643
... 1895
... C. G. P. de Laval. (Hollow billets.)
23628
... 1900
... H. J. Brookes. (Hollow billets.)
*
*****
2009
... 1878
... E. Quadling. (Direct from molten or
plastic metal.)
846
... 1882
., R. Elliott. (Direct from molten or plastic
metal.)
1590
... 1889
... W. E. Koch. (Direct from molten or
plastic metal.)
19153
... 1890
. . . Morton and Adcock. (Direct from molten
or plastic metal. )
15912
...1891
... Lane and Chamberlain. (Direct from
molten or plastic metal )
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
145
No. Year. Name.
14078 ... 1894 ... A. F. E. Dupont. (Direct from molten or
plastic metal.)
22748 ... 1894 ... A. F. E. Dupont. (Direct from molten or
plastic metal.)
10475 ... 1897 ... G. H. Clowes. (Direct from molten or
plastic metal.)
13534 ...
1851
5597 ...
1882
2552 ...
1884
5265 ...
1885
10315 ...
1885
18386...
1890
11095...
1891
20364 ...
1891
12144 ...
1892
1270...
1893
8438 ...
1900
K-
1018...
1864
15752 ...
1884
1167 ...
1885
9939 ...
1886
666 ...
1887
6453 ...
1887
5018 ...
1888
14799 ...
1888
1627 ...
1890
3116 ...
1891
11436 ...
1891
7497 ...
1892
24...
1893
533 ...
1893
14352 ...
1893
23702 ...
1895
1064 ...
1896
3054 ...
1896
14801 ...
1896
llST
.. A. F. Redmond. (Drawn blanks or discs.)
..S.Walker.
..S. Fox.
.. W. H. Brown.
.. W. H. Brown.
.. Pilkington and others.
.. Taylor and Challen.
.. Cayley and Courtman.
. . G. Hookham.
.. B. Hewitt. ,,
.. F. Deeming. ,,
* * * * *
.. J. Thompson. (Piercing solid billets.)
. J. Robertson. ,,
.. R. and M. Mannesmann.
,. R. and M. Mannesmann.
,. R. and M. Mannesmann.
.. R. and M. Mannesmann.
.. J. Robertson.
.. Pilkington and others.
.. J. Robertson. ,,
.. H. Ehrhardt.
.. J. Robertson.
.. H. Ehrhardt.
. . Wiistenhofer and Surmann
,. P. Hesse.
, . Wiistenhofer and Surmann ,,
.. R. Stiefel.
.. R. Bungeroth.
,. J. Robertson. ,,
. E. Hollings.
146
THE MANUFACTURE OF
Xo.
Year.
17470...
1896
17950 ...
1896
21177 ...
1896
22806 ...
1896
10647 ...
1897
13386 ...
1897
14001 ...
1897
14562 ...
1897
29105 ...
1897
30358...
1897
30449 ...
1897
611 ...
1898
8148...
1898
9144...
1898
932...
1899
7963...
1899
12828...
1899
15772...
1899
21237 ...
1899
3329 ..
1691 .,
4312 ..
10878 .,
15317 .
17326.
1716 .
3162 ..
4132 .
7781 .,
. 1900
. 1901
. 1901
. 1901
. 1901
. 1901
. 1902
. 1902
. 1902
. 1902
Name.
. W. <fc A. Pilkington. (Piercing solid billets.)
. W. and A. Pilkington.
,. P. Hesse.
,. J. L. B. Templer.
. . J. A. Hampton. ,,
. Sharp and Billing. ,,
.. J. A. Charnock.
.. Sharp and Billing. ,,
.. Tannahill and Eadie.
,. E. L. Cooper.
,.R. C. Stiefel.
..R. C. Stiefel.
.. J. C. Sturgeon. ,,
.. W. Pilkington.
,. J. A. Hampton. ,,
,. E. Pilkington.
.. L. D. Davis.
.. E. L. Cooper. ,,
.. Hernad thaler Ungarische
Eisenindustrie
Actiengesellschaft.
.. T. Ledermiiller.
.. S. E. Diescher.
.. C. de Los Rice.
. . Evans and Tubes Ltd.
.. A. Pilkington. ,,
..H. R. Keithley.
..B. F. McTear.
.. (jr. Gleichmann.
.. F. D. Everitt.
.. Joseph and Tubes Ltd. ,,
748 ... 1852
2533 ... 1861
2614... 1861
1525... 1862
3251 ... 1864
32&) ... 1865
,. J. Dumery.
.. Christoph and others.
.. Bourne and Kidd.
.. E. Fewtrell.
. W. H. Brown.
,. T. Rickett.
(Rolling.)
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
147
No.
Year.
538 ...
1866 ..
3333 ...
1867 ..
1980...
1870 ..
657 ...
1878..
2939 ...
1878..
3928 ...
1878 ..
4201 ...
1878 ..
35...
1879 ..
752...
1879 ..
1566 ...
1879 ..
371 ...
1880..
,5202 ...
1882 ..
1033 ...
1883 ..
2844 ...
1883..
7462 ...
1884 ..
5754 ...
1885 ..
9537...
1885 ..
6453 ...
1887 ..
10796 ...
1887 ..
12042...
1887 ..
13760...
1887 ..
14515...
1887..
14532 ...
1887 ..
5018 ...
1888 ..
6493 ...
1888..
6494 ...
1888 ..
9754 ...
1888..
14278 ...
1888 ..
18477 ...
1888 ..
2933...
1889 ..
8496 ...
1889 ..
16934 ...
1889 ..
11047 ...
1890..
16990 ...
1890 ..
17162 ...
1890..
3771 ...
1891 ..
4050 ...
1891 ..
15265 ...
1891 ..
4595 ...
1892 ..
Name.
W. Webb. (Rolling.)
W. F. Brooks.
H. Kesterton.
Waldenstrom and Sumner.
J. G. Williams.
A. Clifford.
J. Robertson. ,,
S. Fox.
S. Fox.
G. Whitehead.
J. Atkinson.
G. Little.
P. M. Parsons. ,,
C. Kellogg.
F. Johnson.
T. R. Bayliss.
C. Kellogg.
R. and M. Mannesman!!.
Cope and Hollings. ,,
C. Kellogg.
C. White.
M. Gledhill.
M. Gledhill.
J. Robertson.
S. T. M. Tasker.
S. T. M. Tasker.
R. Mannesmann.
Pilkington and others
W. H. Appleton.
C. Kellogg.
Faulkner and Lloyd
Pilkinaton and others
E. F. Randolph.
C. Kellogg.
W. Heckert.
M. Mannesmann. Pilger.
M. Maunesmann. ,, Pilger.
A. Mathies. ,,
R. Mannesmann.
148
THE MANUFACTURE OF
No.
Year.
7135 ...
1892 ..
12473 ...
1892 ..
12482...
1892 ..
533...
1893 ..
1548...
1893 ..
9657 ...
1893..
13878 ...
1893 ..
15261 ...
1893 ..
3038...
1894 ..
7332 ...
1894..
18958...
1894 ..
20690 ...
1894 ..
3176...
1895 ..
7852 ...
1895 ..
9696 ...
1895 ..
11787 ...
1895 ..
13092 ...
1895 ...
22979 ...
1895 ..
13746 ...
1895..
1424H...
1895 ..
16486 ...
1895 ..,
18255 ...
1895..
22979 ...
1895 ..
854...
1896 ..
3683...
1896..
6571 ...
1896 ..
11775...
1896 ..
15895...
1896 ..
21177 ...
1896..
22770...
1866..,
27488...
1896..
9880 ...
1897..,
9917 ...
1897 ...
11311 ...
1897 ...
14070...
1987...
14186 ...
1897...
30450...
1897...
612...
1898 ..,
3911 ...
1898 ...
Name.
R. Mannesmann
G. Hatton.
Cope and Rollings.
P. Hesse.
B. Butterworth.
Pilkington and others.
W. Holland.
E. Martin.
F. 0. and W. Schulte.
C. G. Larson.
E. F. Hall.
P. Hesse.
F. 0. and W. Schulte.
Pilkington and others.
Pilkingtoii and others.
P. Hesse.
Pilkington and others.
Pilkington and others.
R. and M. Mannesmann.
R. and M. Mannesmann.
R. and M. Manuesmann.
, C. G. Larson.
Pilkingtoii and others.
H. Ehrhardt,
M. Mannesmann.
R. and M. Mannesmann.
J. Davis.
C. T. B. Sangster.
P. Hesse.
J. Wotherspoon.
Hamilton and Miller.
W. Pilkington.
Price and others
H. Ehrhardt.
J. Wotherspoon.
W. and A. Pilkington
R. C. Stiefel.
R. C. Stiefel.
Lones and Holden.
(Rolling.)
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilo-er.
Pilger.
Pilger,
Pilger.
Pilger.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
140
Xo.
Year.
Name.
7787 ...
1898
... Tamiahi.il and Eadie.
(Rolli
21744 ...
1898
... Lones and Holden.
n
25122 ...
1898
... McTear and Lindsay.
55
25580...
1898
... 0. Klatte.
}5
79S3 ...
1899
... E. Pilkington.
51
12747 ...
1899
... H. Ehrhardt.
55
12828 ...
1899
. . . L. D. Davis.
15072...
1899
... 0. Klatte.
}J
17473 ...
1899
...H. R. Keithley.
55
19087 ...
1899
...B. F. McTear.
55
23365 ...
1899
...B. F. McTear.
5 5
23741 ...
1899
... 0. Klatte.
55
25636 ...
1899
... J. Gieshoidt.
5}
3329 ...
1900
... T. Ledermiiller.
55
3580...
1900
... Aston and Holland.
55
3788 ...
1900
... G. Beesly.
5425 ...
1900
... H. Perrins.
55
5927 ...
1900
... A. E. Beck.
7315 ...
1900
... H. Perrins.
55
12203 ...
1900
... A. E. Beck.
55
13981 ...
1900
... Laybourne and Marsh.
55
14416 ...
1900
... 0. Heer.
9i
92...
1901
... R. C. Stiefel.
5
1481 ...
1901
... J. Gieshoidt.
5>
2590...
1901
... Bartlett and Kent.
55
6639 ...
1901
... R. C. Stiefel.
55
13291 ...
1901
... J. Reimann.
13519 ...
1901
... B. F. McTear.
55
14384...
1901
. . . Chamberlain and Tubes I
A.
14615...
1901
... B. F. McTear.
55
16385 ...
1901
... 0. Briede.
55
21533 ...
1901
... J. Gieshoidt.
55
21570...
1901
~. J. A. Hampton.
55
23455 ...
1901
... A. E. Beck.
55
23992 ...
1901
... R. C. Stiefel.
5'
25307 ...
1901
... R. Mengelbeir.
55
3372 ...
1902
... La Societe Vogt et Cie.
J)
4553 ...
1902
... M. Mannesmann.
.4554 ...
1902
... M. Mannesmann.
55
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
Pilger.
150
THE MANUFACTURE OF
No.
Year:
Name.
4625
... 1902
... M. Mannesmann.
(Rolling.)
4626
... 1902
... M. Mannesmann.
4627
... 1902
... M. Mannesmann.
4628
... 1902
... M. Mannesmann.
4629
... 1902
... M. Mannesmann.
t
4956
... 1902
... J. A. Hampton.
Pilger.
20207
... 1902
... Stirling Co.
21636
"... 1902
... J. Sandner.
*
* * *
* *
748
... 1852
... C. J. Dumery.
(Drawing.)
3090
... 1856
... Speed and Bailey.
J?
2533
... 1861
... Christoph and others.
^
3262
... 1862
. . . Christoph and others.
n
1462
... 1866
. . . Gibson and Ellis.
J}
3333
... 1867
... W. F. Brooks.
2511
... 1877
... W. C. Stiff.
n
4201
... 1878
... J. Robertson.
4022
... 1879
. . . Stewart and others.
1929
... 1882
... W. Randle.
55
491
... 1883
... T. B. Sharp.
5)
5876
... 1883
...C. C. Billings.
9560
... 1884
... J. Short.
n
15752
... 1884
... J. Robertson.
"
12823
... 1885
... Stiff and Bennett.
5268
...1887
. . . W. von Flotow and H. L<
3idig.
12766
... 1887
. . . V. J. Feeney.
5018
... 1888
... J. Robertson.
v
12624
... 1888
... W. Lorenz.
(Releasing.)
3519
... 1893
... W. and J. Crawford.
}J
9657
... 1893
. . . Pilkington and others.
>
19356
... 1893
. . . J. Robertson.
i)
12012
... 1894
. . . Wootton and Hewitt.
12270
... 1894
... Wootton and Gould.
i 11
2474
... 1895
... J. Hudson.
5389
... 1895
. . . Wootton and Hewitt.
5478
... 1895
... R. Wootton.
>
9696
... 1895
. . . Pilkington and others.
, ,,
also reducing.
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
151
No,
17208
Year.
... 1895
Name.
. . . Pilkington and others. (Drawing and
Releasing.)
17211
... 1S95
...G. Platt,
530
... 1896
... Pilkington and others. ,, ,,
4569
... 1896
... G. Platt. ,,
6149
... 1896
... W. and A. Pilkiugton. ,,
8277
... 1896
... J. Hudson. ,, ,3
11260
... 1896
... R. F. Hall and others. ,,
25686
... 1896
. . . W. A. McCool.
1192
... 1897
...A. Smallwood. ,,
6270
... 1897
... J. Robertson. ,,
10539
... 1897
...A. C. Wright.
17157
... 1897
...A. C. Wright.
23400
... 1897
. . . A. Smallwood.
24266
... 1897
... P. E. Secretan.
28699
... 1897
. . . E. Ivins. ,,
4897
... 1898
...W. A. McCool.
12188
...1898
. . . H. Ehrhardt.
4443
... 1899
...A. M. Reynolds. ,,
12747
... 1899
... H. Ehrhardt,
14854
... 1899
... J. L. Kempson. ,,
15419
... 1899
... G. Muntz. ,,
17473
... 1899
...H. R. Keithley.
6640
...1901
... Stiefel and Brown. ,,
8749
... 1901
..,T. B. Sharp.
1(5582
... 1901
...B. F. McTear.
18041
... 1901
... Hudson Bros, and K night.
5752
... 1902
... W. Sumner.
SWAGING, DRIFTING, AND OTHER TUBE-MAKING OPERATIONS
AND MACHINES.
9200 ... 1885 .
3038 ... 1886 .
3039 ... 1886 .
4039 ... 1891 .
13935 ... 1891 .
20467 ... 1897 .
16043 ... 1899 .
20943 ... 1899 .
..S. Fox.
.. Babcock and Wilcox.
.. Babcock and Wilcox.
.. G. Hookham.
.. J. P. Kennedy.
.. G. J. Capewell.
..A. E. Beck.
.. H. A. Eckstein.
152
THE MANUFACTURE OF
No.
Year.
Name.
1679 ...
1901
... Lones and Holden.
4312 ...
1901
... C. de Los Rice.
12927 ...
1901
...Stirling Co.
12928...
1901
... Stirling Co.
12949 ...
1901
... Stirling Co.
12952...
1901
... Stirling Co.
22969 ...
1901
... Stirling Co.
STRENGTHENING, THICKENING, AND STAVING, ETC.
5573...
1827
... R. W. Winfield. (Wood filling.)
565 ...
1854
... W. B. Johnson. (Staving.)
901 ...
1866
... Deakin and Johnson. (Swaging, etc.)
4574...
1896
... Smillie and Bird. (Coiled wire or tape.)
4702 ...
1896
... A. Kirschbaum. (Cork filling.)
344 ...
1897
...T. N. Waller. (Staving.)
14530...
1898
. . . J. R. Blakeslee. (Staving.)
12206...
1901
...P. Fowler. (Strengthening by air under
pressure.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
560...
1853
... R. A. Brooman. (Roller dies.)
1680...
1855
... R. A. Brooman. (Roller dies.)
1105 ...
1856
... R. A. Brooman. (Segmental dies.)
1570 ...
1870
... R. Briggs. (Operating die tongs.)
4361 ...
1880
... .1. C. Johnson. (T pieces, etc.)
1.70...
1881
... W. H. Brown. (Combined reeling and
rolling.)
2998...
1881
. . . A. L. Murphy. (Tubes from puddled iron.)
3041 ...
1881
... A. L. Murphy. (Tubes from puddled iron.)
3060 ...
1881
... W. H. Brown. (Combined reeling and
rolling.)
1771 ...
1882
... Fox and Whitley. (Furnaces.)
1033...
1883
... 1*. M. Parsons. (Rotating mandrels.)
9560...
1884
... J. Short. (Rotating dies.)
5436 ...
1887
... J. P. Serve. (Ribs.)
7709 ....
1888
... J. P. Serve. (Ribs.)
15059...
1888
. . . W. Lorenz. (Internal partition. )
10470...
1889
... J. P. Serve. (Internal ribs.)
176 ...
1890
... H. Moerchen. (Filling before drawing.)
IRON AND STEEL TUBES.
153
No Year. Name.
8152 ... 1890 ... C. Kellogg. (Mandrels.)
8948 ... 1890 ... G. H. Everson. (Polishing, etc.)
3122 ... 1891 ... J. G. Bohl. (Revolving die.)
16811 ... 1891 ... G. Hookham. (Revolving die.)
4358 ... 1892 ... La Compagnie Francaise des Metaux.
(Ribbed.)
6884 ... 1893 ... C. G. Larson. (Ribs.)
15927 ... 1893 ... Stewart and Clydesdale. (Mandrels.)
6697 ... 1894 ... J. Ritchie. (Internal ribs.)
8320 ... 1894 ... A. Dumas. (Internal ribs.)
13095 ... 1894 ... C. Wilmott. (Ornamenting.)
4493 ... 1896 ... C. E. Smith. (Mandrels.)
11950 ... 1896 ... H. Loesner. (Twisted or interlaced wire
and molten metal.)
J. Aylward. (Special form of cycle tubing.)
C. T. B. Sangster. (Tagging, etc.)
It. S. Lovelace. (Tempering or toughening.)
T. Key. (Riveted tubes tor cycles.)
W. Hillman. (Sheet metal cycle tubes.)
E. Taylor. (Riveted tubes for cycles.)
W. E. Partridge. (Moulding cycle tubing. )
Safety Conduit Co. (Cleaning tubes.)
E. Gearing. (Welding furnaces.)
E. F. G. Pein. (Enamelling tubes.)
H. Walters. (Furnace.)
E. Ehrhardt. (Gun barrels.)
E. Jones. (Tubes for roller bearings.)
A. Schmitz. (Internally ribbed compound
pipes.)
1900 ... J. Earle. (Compound tube.)
1900 ... A. Schmitz. (Tubes with internal partition.)
1900 ... H. Perrins. (Internally ribbed tube.)
1901 ... F. Stordeur. (Internal examination.)
1901 ... Stirling Co. (Mandrel for forming boiler
headers, etc.)
17319 ... 1901 ... J. E. Goldschmid. (Heating furnace for
tubes.)
1413 ... 1903 ,.. F. Reissner. (Metallic poles for electric
railways, etc.)
12389...
1896
15896 ...
1896
21175 ...
1896
27405 ...
1896
4890...
1897
8466 ...
1897
21804...
1897
11500...
1898
16668...
1898
1581 ...
1899
8226 ...
1899
9660 ...
1899
10184 ...
1899
24959..
1899
1309
7417
19621
2934
12928
INDEX.
Adcock's Patent, 27.
Admiralty Tests and Requirements, 115,
121.
Alvord's Patent, 131.
Annealing, 115.
Astbury's Patent, 108.
B
Back-action Rolls, 97.
Beck's Patent, 100.
Benches, Draw, 6, 108.
Bending, 59.
Bennett's Patent, 42.
Billet Defects, 84, 91.
Billet Piercing, 32, 70, 83.
Billet, Waste End, 91.
Billing's Patent, 90.
Bishop's Patent, 47.
Bloom Stretching, 97, 100.
Bourne's Patent, 23.
Brazed Cased Tubes, 131.
Brazed Tubes, 21, 23.
Bright Annealing, 115.
Brooks's Patent, 19.
Broughton's Patent, 19.
Brown's Patent, 27.
Butt Ends, 114.
Butt Welding, 5, 124.
Carbon in Tube Steel, 121.
Cased Tubes, 130.
Cayley's Patent, 31.
Centrifugal .Force, Application of, 70.
Challen's Patent, 28.
Charnock's Patent, 87.
Close Annealing, 115.
Close Joint Tubes, 16.
Coiled Strip Tubes, 20.
Coiling, . f >9.
Cold Drawing, 104, 108.
Combined Annealing and Pickling, 116.
Combined Drawing and Rolling, 113.
Consolidated Tubes, 21.
Cooling Mandrel, 65.
Cooper's Patent, 94.
Cope's Patent, 69.
Courtman's Patent, 31.
Credenda Tube, 42.
Cycle Tubing, 120.
Davis's Patent, 90.
Defects in Billets, 84, 91.
Die, Hydraulic, 74.
Die, Revolving, 67, 70.
Die, Roller. 69.
Die, Sliding, 71.
Draw Benches, 6, 108.
Drawing, 104, 108, 113.
Drawn Blanks or Discs, 27.
Drilling Billets, 84.
Earle's Patent, 23.
Ehrhardt's Patents, 75, 94, 102.
Electric Pickling, 116.
Elliott's Patents, 25.
Evans's Patents, 92.
Extending Processes, 27.
Exton's Patent, 23.
Feeding Machine for Pilgcr Rolling, 100.
Fieldhouse's Patent, 19.
Frank's Patent, 91.
Gapped Rolls, 97.
Gas Bottles, 31.
Gaskell's Patent, 23.
Gas Tubes, 3, 123.
Gun Barrels, 2.
INDEX
H
Harvey's Patent, 132.
Heer's Patent, 100.
Helical Grain or Fibre, 26.
Hewitt's Patent, 114.
Hillman's Patent, 21.
Rolling's Patent, 69.
Hot Rolling, 43, 60, 97, 104.
Howard's Patent, 14.
Huggins's Patent, 16.
Hughes's Patent, 116.
Hydraulic Die, 74.
Ingot Iron, 121.
Internal Taper, 44.
Internal Web, 23.
Johnson's Patent, 127.
Jointed Mandrel, 59.
K
Kellogg's Patents, 59.
Keithley's Patents, 103.
Lap-welding, 9, 124.
Lay bourne's Patent, 99.
Lawton's Patent, 132.
Lock Joint Tubes, 21, 132.
Lorenz Patent, 58.
Lubricant, 112, 118.
M
Mandrel Cooling, 65.
Mandrel, Jointed, 59.
Mandrel, Releasing, 54, 57, 110.
Mandrel Rollers, 64, 68.
Mandrel, Rotating, 89.
Mannesmaim's Patents, 32, 84, 97, 114.
Marshall's Patent, 50.
Marsh's Patent, 99.
Molten Metal, Tubes from, 25.
Muck Bars, Tubes from, 128.
Muckley's Patent, 13.
Muntz's Patent, 108.
N
Norton's Patent, 25.
Open Joint Tubes, 16.
Osborn's Patents, 2, 3.
Paraffin Wax Coating, 118.
Perrin's Patents, 100, 128.
Pickling, 115.
Piercing Solid Billets, 32, 70, S3.
Piled Hollow Blooms, 128.
Pilger Rolls, 97.
Pilger Rolls Feeding Machine, 100.
Pilkington's Patents, 46, 48, 52, 55, 90.
Plastic Metal, Tubes from, 25.
Poles, Steel, 107.
Price's Patent, 99.
Prosser's Patent, 10.
Puddled Bar, Tubes from, 128.
Reeling, 54, 57, 110.
Releasing Mandrel, 54, 57, 110.
Revolving Die, 67, 70.
Reynolds's Patent, 114.
Rickett's Patent, 44.
Ries's Patent, 126.
Robertson Patents, 70, 90.
Rokes, 92, 119.
Roller Die, 69.
Roller Mandrels, 64, 68.
Rolling Tubes, 48, 60, 97.
Round's Patent, 59.
Rotating Mandrel, 89.
Russell's Patents, 4, 11, 122.
Seamless, 24, 83.
Service Plate, 72, 90.
Sharp's Patent, 90.
Shells, 92.
Short's Patent, 68.
Sliding Die, 71.
Spencers' Tubes, 123.
Squirting, 70.
Steam Tubes, 9, 123.
Steel for Weldless Tubes, IIP.
Step-by-Step Rolls, 97.
Stretching Blooms, 97, 106.
Stiefel's Patents, 40, 84.
Stiff's Patent, 42.
Stirling's Patent, 24.
Sturgeon's Patent, 90.
156
INDEX.
Taper Tubes, 46, 50, 107.
Tasker's Patents, 64.
Taylor's Patent, 28.
Tests, 120.
Tin as Lubricant, 112.
Tubes Limited, 90, 92.
Tube Rolling. 48, 60.
Tuyer's Patent, 125.
Vaughan Hughes's Patent, lit!.
w
Waste End in Billet Piercing, 91.
Water's Patent, 50.
Water Tubes, 123.
Welded Tubes, 2, 122.
Whitehouse's Patents, 5. 11.
Wilmot's Patent, 21.
Wright's Patent, 112, 132.
Yielding Core, 50.
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